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"Oxen of the Sun" is without question the most difficult chapter in Ulysses, and Robert McNamara's 20-min reading for Bloomsday 1998 offers a nice opportunity to explore it. The following discussion will alternate short segments of reading-text with my commentary. (Be prepared to use the pause-button, and realise that McNamara skips quite a bit.)
Since the chapter is composed in every English literary style from Chaucer to Carlyle and beyond, it works nicely to picture a manic Robin Williams as the speaker, extending his familiar Shakespeare parody.
It's also supposed to replay in sequence the nine months of human gestation, and in parallel, the evolution of life from protozoan to primate.
Many more notes can be found in Gifford's "Ulysses Annotated", although where I disagree with him, my source is usually Paul van Caspel's "Annotations to Annotations" in the James Joyce Literary Supplement some years back.
RealAudio (22 minutes)
Deshil Holles Eamus. Deshil Holles Eamus. Deshil Holles Eamus.
Holles = Holles Street Maternity Hospital
Eamus = Let us go (Latin)
Bloom is arriving at the Maternity Hospital on Holles street, coming from the train station after a short trip from Sandymount (Ch 13, Nausikaa) to visit Mrs Purefoy, who's been in labor for three days
Send us bright one, light one, Horhorn, quickening and wombfruit.
Send us bright one, light one, Horhorn, quickening and wombfruit.
Send us bright one, light one, Horhorn, quickening and wombfruit.
Hoopsa boyaboy hoopsa! Hoopsa boyaboy hoopsa! Hoopsa boyaboy hoopsa!
Now, breaking the lines for clarity, an unbelieveably complicated section that seems to have little significant meaning:
Universally that person's acumen is esteemed very little perceptive
concerning whatsoever matters are being held as most profitably
by mortals with sapience endowed
to be studied
Paraphrase: "Nobody will respect your opinion about anything worth bothering with..."
who is ignorant of that
which the most in doctrine erudite
and certainly
by reason of that
in them
high mind's ornament
deserving of veneration
constantly maintain
Paraphrase: "...if you aren't hip to what the admirably-brainy folk say..."
when by general consent they affirm that
other circumstances being equal
by no exterior splendour is the prosperity of a nation
more efficaciously asserted
than by the measure of how far forward may have progressed
the tribute of its solicitude
for that proliferent continuance
which of evils the original
if it be absent
when fortunately present
constitutes the certain sign
of omnipollent nature's incorrupted benefaction.
omnipollent = all-powerful
Joyce explained these paragraphs as representing "the unfertilised ovum". I picture the complexities of a DNA strand-- but what Joyce meant no one knows.
For who is there
who anything of some significance has apprehended
but is conscious that that exterior splendour
may be the surface of a downwardtending lutulent reality
lutulent = muddy; or despicable
or on the contrary anyone so is there unilluminated
as not to perceive that
as no nature's boon can contend against the bounty of increase
so it behoves every most just citizen
to become the exhortator and admonisher of his semblables
and to tremble
lest what had in the past been
by the nation excellently commenced
might be in the future
not with similar excellence accomplished
if an inverecund habit shall have gradually traduced
the honourable
by ancestors transmitted
customs
to that thither of profundity
inverecund = immodest
that that one was audacious excessively
who would have the hardihood to rise
affirming that no more odious offence can for anyone be
"...who'd be bold enough to condemn..."
than to
oblivious
neglect to consign
that evangel
simultaneously command and promise
"...someone's not obeying God's commandments..."
which on all mortals
with prophecy of abundance
or with diminution's menace
that exalted of reiteratedly procreating function
ever irrevocably enjoined?
It is not why therefore we shall wonder if,
as the best historians relate,
among the Celts,
who nothing that was not in its nature admirable admired,
the art of medicine shall have been highly honoured.
Not to speak of hostels, leperyards, sweating chambers, plaguegraves,
their greatest doctors,
the O'Shiels, the O'Hickeys, the O'Lees,
have sedulously set down the divers methods
by which the sick and the relapsed found again health
whether the malady had been the trembling withering
or loose boyconnell flux.
Certainly in every public work
which in it anything of gravity contains
preparation should be with importance commensurate
and therefore a plan was by them adopted
(whether by having preconsidered
or as the maturation of experience
it is difficult in being said
which the discrepant opinions of subsequent inquirers are not
up to the present
congrued to render manifest)
whereby maternity was so far from all accident possibility removed
that whatever care the patient
in that allhardest of woman hour
chiefly required
and not solely for the copiously opulent
but also for her who
not being sufficiently moneyed
scarcely and often not even scarcely
could subsist valiantly
and for an inconsiderable emolument
was provided.
So far:
"Nobody will respect your opinion about anything worth bothering with, if you aren't hip to what the admirably-brainy folk say: namely, you know a country's doing well if it's advanced in troubling to carry on nature's own generosity. After all, if you have anything on the ball you know looks can be deceiving and you know that since growth is good you should resist its decline, if immodest habits are threatening growth-- who'd be bold enough to condemn someone's not obeying God's commandments about procreation? No wonder, then, the Irish take good care delivering babies and have written up their successful techniques. So they decided (either by deduction or induction) to found a charitable maternity hospital."
McNamara here skips another paragraph of the same Latin style (the third of these), and then skips the first two paragraphs of a pre-Chaucer Anglo-Saxon style (c1000), describing the hospital as Bloom arrives.
Of that house A. Horne is lord. Seventy beds keeps he there teeming mothers are wont that they lie for to thole and bring forth bairns hale so God's angel to Mary quoth. Watchers tway there walk, white sisters in ward sleepless. Smarts they still, sickness soothing: in twelve moons thrice an hundred. Truest bedthanes they twain are, for Horne holding wariest ward.
The Holles street hospital had a master named Andrew Horne (cf Horhorn, above), with 69 beds, and handled 1500 births in 1903. (?)
Joyce's Anglo-Saxon is strongly alliterative (ie, it repeats the same initial sounds in many words).
In ward wary the watcher hearing come that man mildhearted eft rising with swire ywimpled to him her gate wide undid. Lo, levin leaping lightens in eyeblink Ireland's westward welkin. Full she drad that God the Wreaker all mankind would fordo with water for his evil sins. Christ's rood made she on breastbone and him drew that he would rathe infare under her thatch. That man her will wotting worthful went in Horne's house.
Joyce said Bloom here is a sperm cell, and Callan the ovum being fertilised.
For various reasons, unknown to Bloom, Nurse Callan is also the likeliest candidate to be his secret adulterous penpal, "Martha Clifford".
Loth to irk in Horne's hall hat holding the seeker stood. On her stow he ere was living with dear wife and lovesome daughter that then over land and seafloor nine years had long outwandered.
Once her in townhithe meeting he to her bow had not doffed. Her to forgive now he craved with good ground of her allowed that that of him swiftseen face, hers, so young then had looked. Light swift her eyes kindled, bloom of blushes his word winning.
McNamara skips a paragraph about the death by stomach cancer of Dr O'Hare, who may have been Callan's special friend or even fiance.
Therefore, everyman, look to that last end that is thy death and the dust that gripeth on every man that is born of woman for as he came naked forth from his mother's womb so naked shall he wend him at the last for to go as he came.
McNamara skips six paragraphs in the style of Mandeville (14th C), and of Malory's Arthurian romances (15th C), in which Dr Dixon invites Bloom to join the medical students' drunken party
For they were right witty scholars. And he heard their aresouns each gen other as touching birth and righteousness, young Madden maintaining that put such case it were hard the wife to die (for so it had fallen out a matter of some year agone with a woman of Eblana in Horne's house that now was trespassed out of this world and the self night next before her death all leeches and pothecaries had taken counsel of her case).
McNamara skips the rest of this long paragraph, with Stephen entering into the witty and blasphemous debate.
But sir Leopold was passing grave maugre his word by cause he still had pity of the terrorcausing shrieking of shrill women in their labour and as he was minded of his good lady Marion that had borne him an only manchild which on his eleventh day on live had died and no man of art could save so dark is destiny.
And she was wondrous stricken of heart for that evil hap and for his burial did him on a fair corselet of lamb's wool, the flower of the flock, lest he might perish utterly and lie akeled (for it was then about the midst of the winter)
and now sir Leopold that had of his body no manchild for an heir looked upon him his friend's son and was shut up in sorrow for his forepassed happiness and as sad as he was that him failed a son of such gentle courage (for all accounted him of real parts) so grieved he also in no less measure for young Stephen for that he lived riotously with those wastrels and murdered his goods with whores.
About that present time young Stephen filled all cups that stood empty so as there remained but little mo if the prudenter had not shadowed their approach from him that still plied it very busily who, praying for the intentions of the sovereign pontiff, he gave them for a pledge the vicar of Christ which also as he said is vicar of Bray.
Now drink we, quod he, of this mazer and quaff ye this mead which is not indeed parcel of my body but my soul's bodiment. Leave ye fraction of bread to them that live by bread alone. Be not afeard neither for any want for this will comfort more than the other will dismay. See ye here.
Blasphemously, "Drink up!"
The style here is "Elizabethan prose chronicles" (c1600).
(By studying Joyce's notes, scholars have identified several books about the history of English prose style that Joyce used as his models, even tracing many particular words and phrases.)
McNamara skips a few more paragraphs of rowdiness, especially a crude partier called Punch Costello.
To be short this passage was scarce by when Master Dixon of Mary in Eccles, goodly grinning, asked young Stephen what was the reason why he had not cided to take friar's vows and he answered him obedience in the womb, chastity in the tomb but involuntary poverty all his days. Master Lenehan at this made return that he had heard of those nefarious deeds and how, as he heard hereof counted, he had besmirched the lily virtue of a confiding female which was corruption of minors and they all intershowed it too, waxing merry and toasting to his fathership. But he said very entirely it was clean contrary to their suppose for he was the eternal son and ever virgin.
Thereat mirth grew in them the more and they rehearsed to him his curious rite of wedlock for the disrobing and deflowering of spouses, as the priests use in Madagascar island, she to be in guise of white and saffron, her groom in white and grain, with burning of nard and tapers, on a bridebed while clerks sung kyries and the anthem Ut novetur sexus omnis corporis mysterium till she was there unmaided.
This may parody Stephen's romantic fantasy of being married to Emma in Portrait.
He gave them then a much admirable hymen minim by those delicate poets Master John Fletcher and Master Francis Beaumont that is in their Maid's Tragedy that was writ for a like twining of lovers: To bed, to bed was the burden of it to be played with accompanable concent upon the virginals.
Orate, fratres, pro memetipso. And all the people shall say, Amen. Remember, Erin, thy generations and thy days of old, how thou settedst little by me and by my word and broughtedst in a stranger to my gates to commit fornication in my sight and to wax fat and kick like Jeshurum. Therefore hast thou sinned against my light and hast made me, thy lord, to be the slave of servants.
Return, return, Clan Milly: forget me not, O Milesian. Why hast thou done this abomination before me that thou didst spurn me for a merchant of jalaps and didst deny me to the Roman and to the Indian of dark speech with whom thy daughters did lie luxuriously? Look forth now, my people, upon the land of behest, even from Horeb and from Nebo and from Pisgah and from the Horns of Hatten unto a land flowing with milk and money. But thou hast suckled me with a bitter milk: my moon and my sun thou hast quenched for ever. And thou hast left me alone for ever in the dark ways of my bitterness: and with a kiss of ashes hast thou kissed my mouth.
This tenebrosity of the interior, he proceeded to say, hath not been illumined by the wit of the septuagint nor so much as mentioned for the Orient from on high Which brake hell's gates visited a darkness that was foraneous. Assuefaction minorates atrocities (as Tully saith of his darling Stoics) and Hamlet his father showeth the prince no blister of combustion.
foraneous = utterly remote
assuefaction = growing accustomed
minorates = diminishes the effect of
McNamara skips the rest of the long paragraph.
Thereto Punch Costello roared out mainly Etienne chanson but he loudly bid them, lo, wisdom hath built herself a house, this vast majestic longstablished vault, the crystal palace of the Creator, all in applepie order, a penny for him who finds the pea.
--Behold the mansion reared by dedal Jack
See the malt stored in many a refluent sack
In the proud cirque of Jackjohn's bivouac.
Etienne chanson = "Stephen song" (French)
McNamara skips three paragraphs in the style of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (1675), showing Stephen terrified by a crack of thunder, and compasssionate Bloom trying to calm him with a scientific explanation.
So Thursday sixteenth June Patk. Dignam laid in clay of an apoplexy and after hard drought, please God, rained, a bargeman coming in by water a fifty mile or thereabout with turf saying the seed won't sprout, fields athirst, very sadcoloured and stunk mightily, the quags and tofts too.
McNamara skips four pages of a joke, in the style of Defoe, about Pope Adrian IV and Henry II, ending with the following couplet:
--Pope Peter's but a pissabed.
A man's a man for a' that.
Our worthy acquaintance Mr Malachi Mulligan now appeared in the doorway as the students were finishing their apologue accompanied with a friend whom he had just rencountered, a young gentleman, his name Alec Bannon, who had late come to town, it being his intention to buy a colour or a cornetcy in the fencibles and list for the wars.
Bannon has come in search of a condom, for his date with Bloom's daughter Milly, but he doesn't know who Bloom is (yet, nor vice versa).
Mr Mulligan was civil enough to express some relish of it all the more as it jumped with a project of his own for the cure of the very evil that had been touched on.
Whereat he handed round to the company a set of pasteboard cards which he had had printed that day at Mr Quinnell's bearing a legend printed in fair italics: Mr Malachi Mulligan. Fertiliser and Incubator. Lambay Island.
His project, as he went on to expound, was to withdraw from the round of idle pleasures such as form the chief business of sir Fopling Popinjay and sir Milksop Quidnunc in town and to devote himself to the noblest task for which our bodily organism has been framed.
Well, let us hear of it, good my friend, said Mr Dixon. I make no doubt it smacks of wenching. Come, be seated, both. 'Tis as cheap sitting as standing.
Mr Mulligan accepted of the invitation and, expatiating upon his design, told his hearers that he had been led into this thought by a consideration of the causes of sterility, both the inhibitory and the prohibitory, whether the inhibition in its turn were due to conjugal vexations or to a parsimony of the balance as well as whether the prohibition proceeded from defects congenital or from proclivities acquired.
It grieved him plaguily, he said, to see the nuptial couch defrauded of its dearest pledges: and to reflect upon so many agreeable females with rich jointures, a prey to the vilest bonzes, who hide their flambeau under a bushel in an uncongenial cloister or lose their womanly bloom in the embraces of some unaccountable muskin when they might multiply the inlets of happiness, sacrificing the inestimable jewel of their sex when a hundred pretty fellows were at hand to caress, this, he assured them, made his heart weep.
To curb this inconvenient (which he concluded due to a suppression of latent heat), having advised with certain counsellors of worth and inspected into this matter, he had resolved to purchase in fee simple for ever the freehold of Lambay island from its holder, lord Talbot de Malahide, a Tory gentleman of note much in favour with our ascendancy party.
He proposed to set up there a national fertilising farm to be named Omphalos with an obelisk hewn and erected after the fashion of Egypt and to offer his dutiful yeoman services for the fecundation of any female of what grade of life soever who should there direct to him with the desire of fulfilling the functions of her natural.
Money was no object, he said, nor would he take a penny for his pains. The poorest kitchenwench no less than the opulent lady of fashion, if so be their constructions and their tempers were warm persuaders for their petitions, would find in him their man.
After this homily which he delivered with much warmth of asseveration Mr Mulligan in a trice put off from his hat a kerchief with which he had shielded it.
They both, it seems, had been overtaken by the rain and for all their mending their pace had taken water, as might be observed by Mr Mulligan's smallclothes of a hodden grey which was now somewhat piebald.
His project meanwhile was very favourably entertained by his auditors and won hearty eulogies from all though Mr Dixon of Mary's excepted to it, asking with a finicking air did he purpose also to carry coals to Newcastle.
Mr Mulligan however made court to the scholarly by an apt quotation from the classics which, as it dwelt upon his memory, seemed to him a sound and tasteful support of his contention: Talis ac tanta depravatio hujus seculi, O quirites, ut matresfamiliarum nostrae lascivas cujuslibet semiviri libici titillationes testibus ponderosis atque excelsis erectionibus centurionum Romanorum magnopere anteponunt, while for those of ruder wit he drove home his point by analogies of the animal kingdom more suitable to their stomach, the buck and doe of the forest glade, the farmyard drake and duck.
McNamara skips three pages in the styles of Sterne and Goldsmith (c1768), during which Mulligan meets Bloom, Bannon praises Milly without naming her, Bannon and Lynch discuss condoms, and Costello speaks lewdly of Nurse Callan.
To revert to Mr Bloom who, after his first entry, had been conscious of some impudent mocks which he however had borne with as being the fruits of that age upon which it is commonly charged that it knows not pity. The young sparks, it is true, were as full of extravagancies as overgrown children: the words of their tumultuary discussions were difficultly understood and not often nice: their testiness and outrageous mots were such that his intellects resiled from: nor were they scrupulously sensible of the proprieties though their fund of strong animal spirits spoke in their behalf.
McNamara skips two paragraphs in which Bloom rages internally at Costello, the style switching to Sheridan (c1800).
But with what fitness, let it be asked of the noble lord, his patron, has this alien, whom the concession of a gracious prince has admitted to civic rights, constituted himself the lord paramount of our internal polity?
McNamara skips ten pages: Gibbon, Walpole's gothic sensationalism, Charles Lamb, De Quincy, Landor, Macauley, Thomas Huxley, and Dickens.
Bloom is jested down by the rabble, Mulligan tells a strange story of Haines's taking opium for a toothache, Bloom drifts into a reverie about his lost youth, Lenehan makes an insensitive comment about Stephen's grief, the victory of Throwaway is reconstructed (in false detail), and the birth of baby Purefoy is finally announced.
There are sins or (let us call them as the world calls them) evil memories which are hidden away by man in the darkest places of the heart but they abide there and wait.
He may suffer their memory to grow dim, let them be as though they had not been and all but persuade himself that they were not or at least were otherwise.
Yet a chance word will call them forth suddenly and they will rise up to confront him in the most various circumstances, a vision or a dream, or while timbrel and harp soothe his senses or amid the cool silver tranquility of the evening or at the feast, at midnight, when he is now filled with wine.
Not to insult over him will the vision come as over one that lies under her wrath, not for vengeance to cut him off from the living but shrouded in the piteous vesture of the past, silent, remote, reproachful.
The style here is Cardinal Newman (died 1890), whom Stephen praises in Portrait.
The theme of dark secrets recalled by chance suggests that more clues to Bloom's "Waterloo" (his firing, and then Rudy's death) may be dug out of the text here.
McNamara stops here, but the revelers head off together to hit Burke's pub before it closes. Their heavily-encoded-by-slang and unattributed speech is investigated in detail here:
ftp://ftp.trentu.ca/pub/jjoyce/newgame/oxencoda.txt (130k)
This stuff may reappear so I'm saving it:
The Bloomsday reading hosted here: http://www.irish-times.com/globalreading/nowreading.html doesn't include accurate links to the text (though some links are there if you look), so I've hacked some up, here:
Recommended: Fritz Senn's Hades, and Sinead Cusack's Penelope.
Late addition: Dermod Lynskey reads from Lestrygonians:
http://www.ireland.com/entertainment/literature/bloomsday/ulysses/lynskey.html
1. Telemachus: RealAudio of 1.01 to 1.110 read by Brian McInerney
Text of reading
2. Nestor: RealAudio of 2.345 to end, read by Shigeo Shimizu, plus a bit in Japanese by Mrs Machiko Fukuoka
Text of reading
3. Proteus: RealAudio of 3.01 to 3.191 read by Kader Asmal (15 min)
Text of chapter
Edna O'Brian reads 3.408 to 3.436 (starts at ten minute mark of 25-min mixed-chapter sample)
Search forward for "shadow" from here
RealAudio of 3.453-end read by David Norris
Search forward again for "lassoes"
4. Calypso: RealAudio of 4.01-? read by David Norris
Text in English
RealAudio of opening pages by Jenos Sebert (entirely in Hungarian, 15 min)
5. Lotus Eaters: RealAudio of 5.318 to 5.466, read by Justin Quinn
Search forward for "Hallows" from here
6. Hades: RealAudio of 6.544 to 6.684, read by John McCourt (in fine English) and the same passage read by Antonio Calenda (in lovely Italian) (10 mins each)
Search forward for "blacked" from here
And RealAudio of 6.917 to end, read by the legendary Fritz Senn
Search forward for "devious" from here
7. Eolus: RealAudio of 7.01 to 7.83, read by John Swift
Text in English
The same RealAudio continues with Onno Kosters (in Dutch 7.921-937, and English 7.938-end)
Search forward for "DIRTY" from here
Another RealAudio of 7.01-? in Russian read by Sergei Horyjy
8. Lestrygonians: RealAudio of 8.695-? read by Dermod Lynskey
Search forward for "raised" from here
And RealAudio of 8.982-? also read by Dermod Lynskey
Search forward again for "safe man"
9. Scylla and Charybdis: David Norris reads 9.540-9.575, starting six minutes into the 25 min sample, lasting only a few minutes. and then at the 13-min mark Ken Monaghan's 9.1108-1152
Search forward for "snake" from here for part one, and then "Swill" for part two.
10. Wandering Rocks: RealAudio of Jose Rache de Almeida reading 10.01-10.84, Peter O'Neill reads 10.85-10.132, Denis Bourke reads 10.133-10.205 (17 mins total)
Text of chapter
RealAudio of Munira Mutran reading 10.1121-1174, and Bernard O'Grady reading 10.1176 to end (14 mins)
Text, three lines down from here
Realaudio of Irish President Mary McAleese also reading 10.1176 to end (followed by portions of chapters 9. then 3, then 9 again, and 17, total 25 mins)
11. Sirens: RealAudio read by Michael Geraghty (11.01-11.18), Mirta Intelisano (11.01-11.18 in Spanish), Art Agnew (11.19-11.48), Gonzalo Mira Fenra (11.19?-11.48 in Spanish) David Noonan (11.49-11.63), Andrea Feeney (11.64-11.83), Andrea Sosa (11.84-11.97), Jean Callanan (11.98-11.121), David Parsons (11.122-11.140), Mark McSweeney (11.141-11.157), Roy Gooding (11.158-11.179), and Mary Cabrall (11.180-11.192)
Text in English
12. Cyclops: RealAudio of 12.1141-1265, 12.1296-12.1437, 12.1465-12.1509, 12.1542-1560, 12.1573-12.1592, 12.1621-12.1657, 12.1665-12.1675, 12.1751-12.1771, 12.1783-1813, 12.1843-12.1858, 12.1897-end.
Group dramatisation by Frank McCourt, Fintan O'Toole, Brian F. O'Byrne, Tim O'Connor and Paul Joyce. (30 mins)
Search forward for "bugs" from here
13. Nausikaa (omitted)
14. Oxen of the Sun: RealAudio of Robert McNamara reading 14.01-14.110, 14.202-14.207, 14.264-14.285, 14.334-?-14.407, 14.475-14.479, 14.649-14.712, 14.845-14.852, 14.905-14.907, 14.1344-14.1355 (22 mins)
Text in English
NOTE: The Oxen section is so hard to follow, that I've added a detailed explanation here
15. Circe: RealAudio of a group dramatic interpretation that doesn't follow the text, by Colm Wilkinson, Gerard Plunkett, Mary Durkan, Sean Mulcahy, and Isolde O'Neill (20 mins)
Text
16. Eumeus (NYA)
17. Ithaca: Willy Hold reading 17.01-17.10, 17.18-17.26, 17.2108-?goesblank?? in English, and 17.11-17 in German starting at 17-mins into 25 min sample
Start of chapter text in English
Search forward from here for "deposited" for 17.2108
RealAudio of 17.01-254 read by Renee Gibbons, Fergal Moloney and Oliver Mullarney
Chapter text
RealAudio of end of Ithaca, in English and Spanish, by Pedro Ojeda Paullada, (in Spanish) Raul Ortiz, Juan Banuelos and Juan Ascencio
18. Dueling Penelopes: RealAudio of 18.1435-end by Bairbre Dowling or RealAudio of 18.1448-end by Sinead Cusack [both rated XXX]
Search forward to "mummy" (Dowling) or "woolly" (Cusack) from here
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