[Up: IQI] [JAJportal] [Robot Wisdom home page]

Timeline of Irish history for Joyceans

"...whoever studies Ulysses in detail will find that a number of generations of Irish history have been superimposed one on another..." --Stanislaus Joyce, 1941

Joyce in 1907 spelled out a lot of his theory of Ireland's early history in his Italian lecture "Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages" [cw153-174] [quotes]

A useful short book is FitzGibbon's "The Irish in Ireland"

Prose synopsis: 13May 2001

Other timelines: RootsWeb, CnG, to 970CE, from 970; to 1000, multipage

Articles: [Cath], multipage, kings; [w/maps]

Online book: Desmond

Limited vocabulary: theory, world history

Links: DMoz, Dana, ancient, early

23,000 BC: caucasians in Caucasus

16,000 BC: glacial maximum covers all but southernmost Ireland, which is tundra, connected to Europe

glaciers retreat

English Channel reopens

pre-6000 BC: uninhabited by humans (horses, pigs, cattle, giant Irish deer) [CnG] [map] info [info&maps]

6000-5000 BC: Mesolithic 'Late Hunting People' come to north from Scotland, leave mounds of rubbish [CnG] info

Simply because as Taciturn pretells, our wrongstoryshortener, he dumptied the wholeborrow of rubbages on to soil here. []

5000-2000 BC: Neolithic axe-makers cleared forests, dug peat, planted grains, danced to flute music [CnG] [info] ditto [flutes]

archeology: [overview] [links]

4200 BC: the present-day Irish genepool overwhelmingly dates back this far [cite] (the Basques of Spain are similar)

Physically, they were almost Mongolian types, tall, angular and oblique-eyed. Stephen whenever he walked behind a peasant always looked first for the prominent cheek-bones that seemed to cut the air... [SH ch14]

short, dark-haired 'black Irish': theories

3300-3000 BC: pollen shows forests being replaced by farms [Mayo]

3200 BC: Newgrange predates Egypt's pyramids [info&links] ditto

megaliths: [pix&info] ditto, w/frames

invasion theories: overview

2500 BC: Boyne culture from Brittany? (passage graves) [info]

2000 BC: Beaker People from Rhineland in west Ireland; Food Vessel People from Britain in east [info]

2000 BC: Bronze Age [info] ditto, ditto; [music]

Indo-european Aryans in se Europe, Aegean

--But the civilisation of which you speak is not English-- it is Aryan. The modern notions are not English; they point the way of Aryan civilisation. [SH ch17]

Tuatha De Danann [info]

Airs romped around him, nipping and eager airs. They are coming, waves. The whitemaned seahorses, champing, brightwindbridled, the steeds of Mananaan. []

Flow over them with your waves and with your waters, Mananaan, Mananaan MacLir... []

Cordelia. Cordoglio. Lir's loneliest daughter. []

-- Synge has promised me an article for Dana too. []

-- As we, or mother Dana, weave and unweave our bodies, Stephen said, from day to day, their molecules shuttled to and fro, so does the artist weave and unweave his image. []

--Come, Kinch. Come, wandering Aengus of the birds. []

Here I watched the birds for augury. Aengus of the birds. []

-- You should see him, he said, when his body loses its balance. Wandering Aengus I call him. []

The seer raised his hand to heaven, murmuring: The vendetta of Mananaan! []

(In the cone of the searchlight behind the coalscuttle, ollave, holyeyed, the bearded figure of Mananaan MacLir broods, chin on knees. He rises slowly. A cold seawind blows from his druid mouth. About his head writhe eels and elvers. He is encrusted with weeds and shells. His right hand holds a bicycle pump. His left hand grasps a huge crayfish by its two talons.) MANANAAN MACLIR (With a voice of waves.) Aum! Hek! Wal! Ak! Lub! Mor! Ma! []

the unimportant Parthalonians with the mouldy Firbolgs and the Tuatha de Danaan googs and all the rest of the notmuchers that he didn't care the royal spit out of his ostensible mouth about... []

1699 BC? Milesian genealogies begin with Heber and Heremon [etext] [info] map&info, info, more

...though sloth of the body and of the soul crept over it [the statue of Thomas Moore] like unseen vermin, over the shuffling feet and up the folds of the cloak and around the servile head, it seemed humbly conscious of its indignity. It was a Firbolg in the borrowed cloak of a Milesian... the rude Firbolg mind of his listener had drawn his mind towards it and flung it back again, drawing it by a quiet inbred courtesy of attention or by a quaint turn of old English speech or by the force of its delight in rude bodily skill... []

...the oldest flag afloat, the flag of the province of Desmond and Thomond, three crowns on a blue field, the three sons of Milesius. []

Return, return, Clan Milly: forget me not, O Milesian. []

...their antiquity, both having been taught on the plain of Shinar 242 years after the deluge in the seminary instituted by Fenius Farsaigh, descendant of Noah, progenitor of Israel, and ascendant of Heber and Heremon, progenitors of Ireland... []

Picts (language mostly Indo-European) [info] ditto, ditto, fansite

central European Celts trade with Myceneans

1100 BC: Hallstatt (Q-Celtic) culture in Austria [info] origin of tuatha (clans, tribes, septs), chieftain = 'ri', tanaiste, fianna, druids, poets = 'filidh', ollamh, bards, fosterage, no private property

Lover, for her love he prowled with colonel Richard Burke, tanist of his sept, under the walls of Clerkenwell and, crouching, saw a flame of vengeance hurl them upward in the fog. []

Glittereyed, his rufous skull close to his greencapped desklamp sought the face, bearded amid darkgreener shadow, an ollav, holyeyed. []

...that minstrel boy of the wild wet west who is known by the euphonious appellation of the O'Madden Burke. []

...it bears a striking resemblance (the italics are ours) to the ranns of ancient Celtic bards. []

...a most interesting and instructive discussion of the usual high standard of excellence ensued as to the desirability of the revivability of the ancient games and sports of our ancient Panceltic forefathers. []

In the cone of the searchlight behind the coalscuttle, ollave, holyeyed, the bearded figure of Mananaan MacLir broods, chin on knees. []

The O'Donoghue of The Glens against The Glens of The O'Donoghue... []

tribal battles were formalised, with druids as umpires

700 BC? (or Himilco in 510?): Ireland mapped by Phoenicians [cite] origins, &Celts

Ireland is 'Ierne' and Britain is 'Albion'

600 BC: Celtic migrations begin from northern Europe into Italy [info] ditto, ditto, thoughtful

500 BC: tall, light-haired Hallstatt (Q-Celtic) immigrants from Spain into sw Ireland [info] (local non-Indo-European language distorts proto-Celtic into Gaelic)

500 BC: Jastorf culture in Denmark and n Germany (ne of Celts) will spawn Angles and Saxons

500 BC: [art info]

Brehon law: history

And he sat him there about the hour of five o'clock to administer the law of the brehons at the commission for all that and those parts to be holden in and for the county of the city of Dublin. []

chariots purely ceremonial?

Samhain feast

hill of Tara

Gone with the wind. Hosts at Mullaghmast and Tara of the kings. []

"the first mention of the island of Ireland in foreign literature is found in a Greek poem of the 5thC before Christ, where the historian repeats the Phoenician tradition" [cw156]

400 BC? La Tène (P-Celtic) immigrants from Scotland into ne, skilled jewellers, house-builders

390 BC: Celts sack Rome

340 BC: Alexander fights Celts in Bulgaria

Where are the Greek merchants that came through the pillars of Hercules, the Gibraltar now grabbed by the foe of mankind, with gold and Tyrian purple to sell in Wexford at the fair of Carmen? []

279 BC: Celts briefly capture Delphi (statue of 'Dying Gaul')

Galatia (Anatolia) settled by Celts

Eratosthenes' worldmap shows Britain and Ireland about twice actual size

225 BC: Romans defeat Celts at Telamon

150 BC: many P-Celtic Belgae migrate to England

Ulster P-Celts (ne) battle Connacht P-Celts (nw) inspiring (c1000?) epics of Conchobar and Cuchulain (The Cattle Raid of Cooley = Tain Bo Cuailnge, pronounced 'toyn boe cooaln-yeh') [EB] [website] summary [Lady Gregory's retelling]

His [Davin's] nurse had taught him Irish and shaped his rude imagination by the broken lights of Irish myth. He stood towards this myth upon which no individual mind had ever drawn out a line of beauty and to its unwieldy tales that divided against themselves as they moved down the cycles in the same attitude as towards the Roman catholic religion, the attitude of a dullwitted loyal serf. []

these epics supplied a cultural unifying force for Ireland comparable to Homer for the Greeks

P/Q: theories

Belgic Celts cross from England

Ogham script emerges [info] theories [links]

58-52 BC: Julius Caesar defeats comparatively unorganised Celtic Gauls under Vercingetorix

Julius Caesar wrote The Calico Belly. []

"when Plutarch mentions Ireland, he says that it was the dwelling place of holy men" [cw156]

60 AD: hypothetical sacrifice of Lindow Man

82 AD: Agricola considers sending a legion (6000 soldiers) to capture Ireland

The Roman, like the Englishman who follows in his footsteps, brought to every new shore on which he set his foot (on our shore he never set it) only his cloacal obsession. []

"Even in the 1stC of the Christian era, under the apostleship of St Peter, we find the Irishman Mansuetus, who was later canonised, serving as a missionary in Lorraine, where he founded a church and preached for half a century" [cw157]

100 AD: [map] info&map

Irish wool trade?

150 AD: Ptolemy mentions 50+ Irish places and peoples incl 'Eblana' in Hibernia [map]

Read Tacitus and Ptolemy, even Giraldus Cambrensis. []

...so it had fallen out a matter of some year agone with a woman of Eblana in Horne's house... []

...a bucket dredger, rejoicing in the farfamed name of Eblana, moored alongside Customhouse Quay... []

157 AD: Conn of the Hundred Battles killed

160 AD: Tuathal rules Leinster and Meath

Juvenal

And our wool that was sold in Rome in the time of Juvenal... []

Gaelic Q-Celts spread to north, building ring-forts

200 AD: [map]

Ossian

Oisin with Patrick. []

277 AD? King Cormac chokes on salmon bone, having been cursed by druids for converting to Christianity

O! A bone! That last pagan king of Ireland Cormac in the schoolpoem [] choked himself at Sletty southward of the Boyne. Wonder what he was eating. Something galoptious. Saint Patrick converted him to Christianity. Couldn't swallow it all however. []

Bloom assented covertly to Stephen's rectification of the anachronism involved in assigning the date of the conversion of the Irish nation to christianity from druidism by Patrick son of Calpornus, son of Potitus, son of Odyssus, sent by pope Celestine I in the year 432 in the reign of Leary to the year 260 or thereabouts in the reign of Cormac MacArt ( 266 A.D.), suffocated by imperfect deglutition of aliment at Sletty and interred at Rossnaree. []

284 AD? death of Finn MacCool

I'm the bloody well gigant rolls all them bloody well boulders, bones for my steppingstones. []

Mr Joseph M'Carthy Hynes, made an eloquent appeal for the resuscitation of the ancient Gaelic sports and pastimes, practised morning and evening by Finn MacCool... []

And there sat with him the high sinhedrim of the twelve tribes of Iar, for every tribe one man, of the tribe of Patrick and of the tribe of Hugh and of the tribe of Owen and of the tribe of Conn and of the tribe of Oscar and of the tribe of Fergus and of the tribe of Finn and of the tribe of Dermot and of the tribe of Cormac and of the tribe of Kevin and of the tribe of Caolte and of the tribe of Ossian, there being in all twelve good men and true. []

Irish sagas mostly standardised

300 AD: [map]

"Festus Avienus in the 4thC was the first to give Ireland the title of 'Insula Sacra'" [cw156]

c365 AD: Irish frequently raid Wales

Welsh Mabinogion derived from Irish epics

--Can you recall, brother, is mother Grogan's tea and water pot spoken of in the Mabinogion or is it in the Upanishads? []

383 AD: Roman legions withdrawn from w England (returned 390-407)

"Cataldus had a cathedral and 200 theologians at Geneva, and was later made bishop of Taranto" [cw157]

400 AD: Niall of the Nine Hostages rules Meath from Tara

southern capital at Cashel

400 AD: Christianity [info] ditto, ditto

16yo Patrick kidnapped into slavery (tends pigs for six years, learns Gaelic) [autobiog]

Anglo-Saxons and Jutes from Germany occupy s England

--God, isn't he dreadful? he said frankly. A ponderous Saxon. He thinks you're not a gentleman. God, these bloody English! Bursting with money and indigestion. []

Horn of a bull, hoof of a horse, smile of a Saxon. []

"The great heresiarch Pelagius, a traveller and tireless propagandist, if not an Irishman, as many contend, was certainly either Irish or Scottish, as was his right hand, Caelestius" [cw157]

romanised Britons flee to Armorica/Brittany

Patrick escapes and returns home

Patrick joins monastery of Honoratus at Lerins

Patrick studies under Germanus at Auxerre

431 AD: Pope Celestine I sends Palladius to Ireland as missionary and first bishop (Palladius dies 432)

432 AD: Patrick sent to Ulster as second bishop (bilingual Latin/Gaelic), allowed to proceed by Niall's son King Laoghaire (Leary) starts church at Armagh

To eyes so unsealed King Leary's fiery locks appeared of the colour of sorrel green, His Majesty's saffron kilt of the hue of brewed spinach, the royal golden breasttorc of the tint of curly cabbage, the verdant mantle of the monarch as of the green of laurel boughs, the commanding azure eyes of a thyme and parsley aspect, the enamelled gem of the ruler's ring as a rich lentil, the violet contusions of the prince's feature tinged uniformly as with an infusion of sennacassia. []

Clever idea Saint Patrick the shamrock. []

Oisin with Patrick. Faunman he met in Clamart woods, brandishing a winebottle. []

--Saint Patrick would want to land again at Ballykinlar and convert us, says the citizen, after allowing things like that to contaminate our shores. []

Fiacre

Missionary to Europe after fiery Columbanus. Fiacre and Scotus on their creepystools in heaven spilt from their pintpots, loudlatinlaughing: Euge! Euge! []

439 AD: three bishops sent from Gaul to assist Patrick

Patrick protests slave-raids of Coroticus

Patrick builds 50 small church-shrines, creates 100s(?) of bishops

ear-to-ear tonsure adopted from druids

slave-raids and possibly human sacrifice abandoned

private confession introduced?

449 AD: Jutes invade Kent under Hengist and Horsa

Lebor Gabala (mythological Irish pre-history) transcribed using Latin alphabet [etext]

decline of ollamh-poets begins

rise of monasteries; influx of monks and anchorites fleeing barbarians, bringing manuscripts (many latin mss survived only via Irish copies)

Irish defeat Picts in Scotland, settle as Scots (Scotia Minor became Scotland, Scotia Major was Ireland)

490 AD: Brigid (d525) founds religious community under an oak tree

"Sedulius traversed a great part of the world, and finally settled at Rome, where he composed the beauties of almost 500 theological tracts, and many sacred hymns that are used even today in Catholic ritual" [cw157]

"Fridolinus Viator, that is, the Voyager, of royal Irish stock, was a missionary among the Germans, and died at Seckingen in Germany, where he is buried" [cw157]

500 AD: population approx 500,000 distributed over 25,000 ring-forts with ~20 persons each [map]

150 tuatha

ineffective light-plowing (tied to horse's tail)

St Kevin founds monastery at Glendalough

Born on the island of Ireland in the Irish ocean, come his feast of holy angels, Kevin, having been granted the privilege of a priest's portable altare cum bath, came to midmost Glendalough by archangelical guidance... []

544 AD? Clonmacnoise monastery founded [info]

546 AD: Columcille (521-597) builds monastery at Derry

556 AD: Columcille founds monastery at Durrow (41 total by 564)

560 AD: Diarmait MacCerbaill revives pagan feis festival

564 AD: Columcille exiled to Iona

577 AD: Germanic invaders defeat British Celts at Deorham

585 AD: Columbanus (543-615) begins mission in France [Cath]

His mother's prostrate body the fiery Columbanus in holy zeal bestrode. []

Missionary to Europe after fiery Columbanus. []

"Fiery Columbanus had the task of reforming the French church, and, after having started a civil war in Burgundy by his preaching, went to Italy, where he became the apostle of the Lombards and founded the monastery at Bobbio." [cw158]

Columcille defends value of bards

Gregory sends Augustine to English

Isidore of Seville collects 400 codices

"Frigidian, son of the king of northern Ireland, occupied the bishopric of Lucca" [cw158]

600 AD: [map]

603 AD? Columbanus boasts to Pope Gregory that no heretics, schismatics, or Jews had ever been found in Ireland

612 AD: Columbanus reaches Lombardy, founds Bobbio (over 60 monasteries total in Europe)

"St Gall, who at first was the student and companion of Columbanus, lived among the Grisons in Switzerland as a hermit, hunting and fishing, and cultivating his fields by himself. He refused the bishopric of the city of Constance, which was offered to him, and died at the age of 95" [cw158]

monasteries growing wealthy from bequests (sometimes looted by Irish)

624 AD: Cong Abbey founded

635 AD: Aidan (student of Columcille) founds Lindisfarne, mission to English pagans

650 AD: [map]

656 AD? death of St Ultan of Arbraccan, missionary to the Netherlands

664 AD: Council of Whitby suppresses vestiges of druidism (eg tonsure); promotes Canterbury over older Armagh

Aldfrid, king of Northumbria, writes poem in Irish 'Aldfrid's Itinerary'

And heroes voyage from afar to woo them, from Elbana to Slievemargy, the peerless princes of unfettered Munster and of Connacht the just and of smooth sleek Leinster and of Cruachan's land and of Armagh the splendid and of the noble district of Boyle, princes, the sons of kings. []

700 AD: [map]

Tara brooch, Ardagh chalice

Ford of Hurdles

The reverend Hugh C. Love walked from the old Chapterhouse of saint Mary's abbey past James and Charles Kennedy's, rectifiers, attended by Geraldines tall and personable, towards the Tholsel beyond the Ford of Hurdles. []

Irish invent whiskey?

782 AD: Alcuin carries Irish schooling to Charlemagne's Palatine School

continental libraries re-stocked

787 AD: first waves of Viking invasions, from Norway, called 'Lochlanns' or lake-dwellers

Galleys of the Lochlanns ran here to beach, in quest of prey, their bloodbeaked prows riding low on a molten pewter surf. []

Viking clans headed by earls (jarls)

795 AD: Vikings raid monastery of Iona

800 AD: Book of Kells [info&pix] ditto, slow but thorough, Cath, slow info; [pix] ditto; $25 CD-ROM; visit; craft

their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells []

...the cruciform postscript from which three basia or shorter and smaller oscula have been overcarefully scraped away, plainly inspiring the tenebrous Tunc page of the Book of Kells... []

800 AD? 'Garland of Howth' illuminated manuscript

their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells []

800 AD: Vikings [info] map, ditto

High Crosses carved, round towers built

Turgeis loots Clonmacnois

840 AD? Vikings found Dublin

In the distance along the course of the slowflowing Liffey slender masts flecked the sky and, more distant still, the dim fabric of the city lay prone in haze. Like a scene on some vague arras, old as man's weariness, the image of the seventh city of christendom was visible to him across the timeless air, no older nor more weary nor less patient of subjection than in the days of the thingmote. []

Viking parliament meets on 'thing' mound

John Scotus Eriugena's "De Divisione Naturae"

Missionary to Europe after fiery Columbanus. Fiacre and Scotus on their creepystools in heaven spilt from their pintpots, loudlatinlaughing: Euge! Euge! []

853 AD: Olaf the White is king of Dublin

Danish Vikings (with Irish help) fight Norwegians in Ireland

867 AD: Aed Finnliath drives Norse out of n Ireland

871 AD: Alfred defeats Danes in England

875 AD: Lindisfarne abandoned

900 AD: [map]

911 AD: king of France grants Normandy to Norwegian duke Rollo (Christian, French-speaking)

Vikings adopt Irish language, Christian religion

950 AD: [map]

980 AD: Malachi battles Danish Vikings

Dane vikings, torcs of tomahawks aglitter on their breasts when Malachi wore the collar of gold. []

1000 AD: [map]

Brian Boru declares himself Ard Ri (by conquest not tradional election)

They drove on past Brian Boroimhe house. Near it now. []

What had prevented him from completing a topical song (music by R.G. Johnston) on the events of the past, or fixtures for the actual, years, entitled If Brian Boru could but come back and see old Dublin now... []

1014 AD: Battle of Clontarf ends Viking dominance [info] [map]

pagan revival?

Irish trade with Europe?

We had our trade with Spain and the French and with the Flemings before those mongrels were pupped... []

1066: William the Conqueror invades England from Normandy, fortifies kingdom with castles (loyal to pope)

...Shakespeare, overhearing, without more ado about nothing, took the cow by the horns and, when Burbage came knocking at the gate, answered from the capon's blankets: William the conqueror came before Richard III. []

1086: William compiles Domesday Book

1095: Michan (Danish saint) founds Dublin church

William II (Rufus) rebels against pope

Anselm of Canterbury incites Murtagh O'Brien (king of Munster) to reform Irish church

1100? Book of the Dun Cow compiled at Clonmacnoise

their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells []

1100: [map]

Dublin has 1500 residents, half Irish

Ireland has one million, 90% Irish

1110: Irish church reformed on British model, led by Malachy

legend of Tristan and Isolde

The handsome sixfoottwo rugger and soccer champion and the belle of Chapelizod in her ocean blue brocade bunnyhugged scrumptiously in the dark behind the chief steward's cabin... []

Brehon law suppressed (eg bigamy) [history]

1142: St Bernard's Cistercians introduced at Mellifont by Malachy

...the reverend father Hughes had told them what the great saint Bernard said in his famous prayer of Mary... []

1152: papal synod ends 'chorepiscopi' (country bishops w/o diocese)

1152: Dermot MacMurrough kills/succedes king of Leinster

1153: 21yo Henry II is king of England and duke of Normandy and Anjou

1155: Pope Adrian IV (aka Nicholas Breakspeare)'s possibly-forged 'Laudabiliter' grants Ireland to Henry II (accompanied by symbolic gift of emerald-and-gold ring?)

It is that same bull that was sent to our island by farmer Nicholas, the bravest cattlebreeder of them all, with an emerald ring in his nose... before he came over farmer Nicholas that was a eunuch had him properly gelded by a college of doctors who were no better off than himself []

1157: Dermod MacMurrough elopes with Devorgilla, wife of O'Rurac (prince of Briefny)

Suppose she was gone when he...? []

1166: Rory O'Connor seizes high-kingship

1167: deposed king of Leinster, Dermod MacMurrough, seeks Henry II's aid

A faithless wife first brought the strangers to our shore here, MacMurrough's wife and her leman, O'Rourke, prince of Breffni.[]

A woman brought sin into the world. For Helen, the runaway wife of Menelaus, ten years the Greeks. O'Rourke, prince of Breffni. []

--The strangers, says the citizen. Our own fault. We let them come in. We brought them in. The adulteress and her paramour brought the Saxon robbers here. []

1169: 01May: brief Norman invasion of Wexford assisted by MacMurrough [info]

1170: Aug: Richard 'Strongbow' FitzGilbert attacks ROC in Dublin, assisted by MacMurrough

1170: Dec: murder of Becket

1171: May: MacMurrough dies; ROC defeated

1171: 16Oct: Henry II attacks Strongbow in Waterford, Strongbow surrenders, Henry II subdues ROC and Dublin, begins building castles

Irish church reorganised under Henry II

1172: Apr: Henry II returns to England to deal with Becket brouhaha after appointing various noblemen to share local power (incl Geraldines, Burkes)

1172: Strongbow builds castle in Kilkenny

Old Kilkenny: saint Canice, Strongbow's castle on the Nore. []

1175: Roderick O'Connor surrenders to Henry II

So anyhow to wind up after the whole beanfeast was all over poor old King Roderick O'Conor the last king of all Ireland who was anything you like between fiftyfour and fiftyfive years of age at the time... []

--My ancestors threw off their language and took another, Stephen said. They allowed a handful of foreigners to subject them. Do you fancy I am going to pay in my own life and person debts they made? What for? []

Mr Heffernan's son was learning Irish because he believed that the Irish people should speak their own language and not the language of their conquerors. [SH ch14]

Henry II grants Malahide to Richard Talbot

Lord Talbot de Malahide, immediate hereditary lord admiral of Malahide and the seas adjoining. []

1184: Gerald of Wales visits Ireland

Do you know what Giraldus Cambrensis says about your family? []

Read Tacitus and Ptolemy, even Giraldus Cambrensis. []

1200: [map]

1210: King John visits Ireland

taxation almost never pays for administration

Oxford University

--God, isn't he dreadful? he said frankly. A ponderous Saxon. He thinks you're not a gentleman. God, these bloody English! Bursting with money and indigestion. Because he comes from Oxford. []

1225:pope Honorius III has Eriugena's book burnt

tholsel (Dublin guildhall)

The reverend Hugh C. Love walked from the old Chapterhouse of saint Mary's abbey past James and Charles Kennedy's, rectifiers, attended by Geraldines tall and personable, towards the Tholsel beyond the Ford of Hurdles. []

...the grave elders of the most obedient city, second of the realm, had met them in the tholsel... []

1264: 1st Irish parliament

1270: battle of Ath-an-Kip

1275: Mellifont refused right to accept only Irish-speaking monks

1276: failed attempt to replace Brehon law with English law

1290: Jews expelled from England

John Duns Scotus, the Subtle Doctor, unbeatable dialectician "militant champion of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception" [cw154]

1297: Irish parliament established

1300: [map] ditto, names-map

Scottish-Viking mercenaries (galloglasses) imported from Hebrides

...turned towards two of his retinue of gallowglasses, Michael, etheling lord of Leix in Offaly and the jubilee mayor of Drogheda... []

Dante mentions magician "Michele Scotto" in canto 20

1314: Robert the Bruce defeats English at Bannockburn (Anglo-Scottish War)

1315: Edward Bruce invades Ireland trying to free it from England

Pretenders: live their lives. The Bruce's brother, Thomas Fitzgerald, silken knight, Perkin Warbeck, York's false scion, in breeches of silk of whiterose ivory, wonder of a day, and Lambert Simnel, with a tail of nans and sutlers, a scullion crowned. All kings' sons. []

1316: May: Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland

homicide and famine

1318: Edward Bruce dies, occupation fizzles

Maud Plunkett marries Mr Hussey and is immediately widowed (later remarries Sir Richard Talbot of Malahide)

Lord Talbot de Malahide, immediate hereditary lord admiral of Malahide and the seas adjoining. Then came the call to arms and she was maid, wife and widow in one day. Those were old worldish days, loyal times in joyous townlands, old times in the barony. []

Ockham

Dan Occam thought of that, invincible doctor. A misty English morning the imp hypostasis tickled his brain. Bringing his host down and kneeling he heard twine with his second bell the first bell in the transept... []

1331 or 1351: whales stranded in Dublin Bay

A school of turlehide whales stranded in hot noon, spouting, hobbling in the shallows. Then from the starving cagework city a horde of jerkined dwarfs, my people, with flayers' knives, running, scaling, hacking in green blubbery whalemeat. Famine, plague and slaughters. Their blood is in me, their lusts my waves. I moved among them on the frozen Liffey, that I, a changeling, among the spluttering resin fires. I spoke to no-one: none to me. []

Men like to ants or emmets wondern upon a groot hwide Whallfisk which lay in a Runnel. Blubby wares upat Ublanium. []

1341: Edward III tries unsuccessfully to revive English administration

1349: plague kills half of Ireland, everyone in Dublin (easiest on rural Irish)

1366: Statutes of Kilkenny codify prohibitions of Irish language, dress, games, customs

1369: Norman governing class deserts Ireland after prohibition of exports

1377: Edward III dies, English territory contracts to the Pale

1380: Statute of Absentees

O'Dalagh's "Land of Cockaigne" in middle-english

1391? Book of Ballymote compiled in Sligo

The muchtreasured and intricately embroidered ancient Irish facecloth attributed to Solomon of Droma and Manus Tomaltach og MacDonogh, authors of the Book of Ballymote, was then carefully produced and called forth prolonged admiration. []

...their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells []

1394: Richard II asserts sovereignty

short golden age of courtly arts, poetry

1400: [map]

1415: Agincourt

Then he saw himself sitting at the old piano, striking chords softly from its speckled keys and singing, amid the talk which had risen again in the room, to her who leaned beside the mantelpiece a dainty song of the Elizabethans, a sad and sweet loth to depart, the victory chant of Agincourt, the happy air of Greensleeves. []

1415: John Talbot taxes Irish court poets for Henry V

Galway has trade ties with Spain (wine) [cw230]

1450: [map]

1476: Edward IV's decree makes the Talbots hereditary lord admirals of Malahide and the seas adjoining

Lord Talbot de Malahide, immediate hereditary lord admiral of Malahide and the seas adjoining. []

...he had resolved to purchase in fee simple for ever the freehold of Lambay island from its holder, lord Talbot de Malahide, a Tory gentleman of note much in favour with our ascendancy party. []

Rumour had it, though not proved, that she descended from the house of the Lords Talbot de Malahide in whose mansion, really an unquestionably fine residence of its kind and well worth seeing... []

Wars of the Roses

Father Arnall wrote a hard sum on the board and then said: --Now then, who will win? Go ahead, York! Go ahead, Lancaster!
...The little silk badge with the white rose on it that was pinned on the breast of his jacket began to flutter... White roses and red roses: those were beautiful colours to think of. []

The christian laws which built up the hoards of the jews (for whom, as for the lollards, storm was shelter) bound their affections too with hoops of steel. []

1487: 12yo Lambert Simnel 'crowned' in Dublin, captured by Henry VII and made kitchenboy

Pretenders: live their lives. The Bruce's brother, Thomas Fitzgerald, silken knight, Perkin Warbeck, York's false scion, in breeches of silk of whiterose ivory, wonder of a day, and Lambert Simnel, with a tail of nans and sutlers, a scullion crowned. All kings' sons. []

Ferdinand V of Spain

Spain decayed when the Inquisition hounded the jews out []

1494: Henry VII applies inappropriate English land-use laws to Ireland

...he would suffer nought to grow in all the land but green grass for himself (for that was the only colour to his mind) and there was a board put up on a hillock in the middle of the island with a printed notice, saying: By the Lord Harry, Green is the grass that grows on the ground. []

1494-1495: Poynings parliament

1495: Gerald Fitzgerald sets fire to Cashel Cathedral

I forgot to tell him that one about the earl of Kildare after he set fire to Cashel cathedral. You know that one? I'm bloody sorry I did it, says he, but I declare to God I thought the archbishop was inside. He mightn't like it, though. What? God, I'll tell him anyhow. That was the great earl, the Fitzgerald Mor. Hot members they were all of them, the Geraldines. []

149x: James Lynch of Galway hangs his own son

1499: Perkin Warbeck hung for conspiring to assume the throne

Pretenders: live their lives. The Bruce's brother, Thomas Fitzgerald, silken knight, Perkin Warbeck, York's false scion, in breeches of silk of whiterose ivory, wonder of a day, and Lambert Simnel, with a tail of nans and sutlers, a scullion crowned. All kings' sons. []

1500: [map]

The spell of arms and voices: the white arms of roads, their promise of close embraces, and the black arms of tall ships that stand against the moon, their tale of distant nations. They were held out to say: We are alone-- come: and the voices said with them: We are your people: and the air grew thick with their company as they called to him, their kinsman, making ready to go, shaking the wings of their exultant and terrible youth.

Pope Alexander VI

The plump shadowed face and sullen oval jowl recalled a prelate, patron of arts in the middle ages. []

Reformation

Our countrymen know nothing of the Reformation, as they call it, and I hope they will know nothing of the French Revolution either. [SH ch14]

1523: earl of Desmond has private army of 10,000

...when the earl of Desmond could make a treaty with the emperor Charles the Fifth himself... []

1529: fall of Cardinal Wolsey

Leicester Abbey lit up. Wolsey died there. The abbots buried him themselves. []

He thought, but not for long, of soldiers and sailors, whose legs had been shot off by cannonballs, ending their days in some pauper ward, and of cardinal Wolsey's words: If I had served my God as I have served my king He would not have abandoned me in my old days. []

1531: Henry VIII breaks with Rome

1533: Anne Boleyn bears Elizabeth

1534: earthquake

...there is no record extant of a similar seismic disturbance in our island since the earthquake of 1534, the year of the rebellion of Silken Thomas. []

1534: Thomas Fitzgerald declares impossible war on Henry VIII

Pretenders: live their lives. The Bruce's brother, Thomas Fitzgerald, silken knight, Perkin Warbeck, York's false scion, in breeches of silk of whiterose ivory, wonder of a day, and Lambert Simnel, with a tail of nans and sutlers, a scullion crowned. All kings' sons. []

We are standing in the historic council chamber of saint Mary's abbey where silken Thomas proclaimed himself a rebel in 1534... He rode down through Dame walk, the refined accent said, if my memory serves me. The mansion of the Kildares was in Thomas court. []

...Howth with its historic associations and otherwise, Silken Thomas, Grace O'Malley, George IV... []

1500s: Granuaile O'Malley [bio] [links]

And they will come again and with a vengeance, no cravens, the sons of Granuaile, the champions of Kathleen ni Houlihan. []

...Howth with its historic associations and otherwise, Silken Thomas, Grace O'Malley, George IV... []

But the dour handworded her grace in dootch nossow: Shut! So her grace o'malice kidsnapped up the jiminy Tristopher and into the shandy westerness she rain, rain, rain. []

1541: Henry VIII proclaimed King of Ireland

And will again, says he, when the first Irish battleship is seen breasting the waves with our own flag to the fore, none of your Henry Tudor's harps, no, the oldest flag afloat... []

Ulster linen industry

1552: Clonmacnoise razed

1553-74: Philip II of Spain pays £1000/year to fish in Irish waters

...with king Philip of Spain offering to pay customs duties for the right to fish in our waters []

Elizabeth

The gombeen woman Eliza Tudor had underlinen enough to vie with her of Sheba... And Harry of six wives' daughter. []

As for fay Elizabeth, otherwise carrotty Bess, the gross virgin who inspired The Merry Wives of Windsor, let some meinherr from Almany grope his life long for deephid meanings in the depths of the buckbasket. []

1556: Elizabethan 'plantation' of Ireland

1567: Shane O'Neill killed

1588: Spanish Armada

His boots trod again a damp crackling mast, razorshells, squeaking pebbles, that on the unnumbered pebbles beats, wood sieved by the shipworm, lost Armada. []

The lost armada is his jeer in Love's Labour Lost. []

1591: Trinity College founded

He scoffed very much at Trinity College and at the Irish Parliamentary Party. He could not regard as patriots men who had taken oaths of allegiance to the Queen of England and he could not regard as a national university an institution which did not express the religious convictions of the majority of the Irish people. [SH ch17]

1600: potato introduced to Ireland (probably not by Raleigh) [info] tobacco was 1565 by Hawkins

Sir Walter Raleigh brought from the new world that potato and that weed, the one a killer of pestilence by absorption, the other a poisoner of the ear, eye, heart, memory, will, understanding, all. That is to say he brought the poison a hundred years before another person whose name I forget brought the food. []

Francis Drake

Canvasclimbers who sailed with Drake chew their sausages among the groundlings. []

Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex

--All these questions are purely academic, Russell oracled out of his shadow. I mean, whether Hamlet is Shakespeare or James I or Essex. []

Ralegh

Sir Walter Raleigh, when they arrested him, had half a million francs on his back including a pair of fancy stays. []

1597: death of Feagh MacHugh O'Byrne, subject of 'Follow me up to Carlow'

1598: corn famine in England

The son of a maltjobber and moneylender he was himself a cornjobber and moneylender, with ten tods of corn hoarded in the famine riots. []

1600: [map]

1602: Red Hugh O'Donnell poisoned

1603: coronation of James I

And what was their shimmer but the shimmer of the scum that mantled the cesspool of the court of a slobbering Stuart. []

--All these questions are purely academic, Russell oracled out of his shadow. I mean, whether Hamlet is Shakespeare or James I or Essex. []

Hamlet and Macbeth with the coming to the throne of a Scotch philosophaster with a turn for witchroasting. []

1605: 05Nov: Gunpowder Plot

Warwickshire jesuits are tried and we have a porter's theory of equivocation. []

--I thought you were at a new gunpowder plot, J.J. O'Molloy said. []

1607: Flight of the Earls [info]

1609: Sea Venture disaster inspires "The Tempest"

The Sea Venture comes home from Bermudas and the play Renan admired is written with Patsy Caliban, our American cousin. []

1609: [map]

Forsters?

--The Forster family, Temple said, is descended from Baldwin the First, king of Flanders. He was called the Forester. Forester and Forster are the same name. A descendant of Baldwin the First, captain Francis Forster, settled in Ireland and married the daughter of the last chieftain of Clanbrassil. Then there are the Blake Forsters. That's a different branch. []

1618: 'underground' church established behind Adam and Eve's tavern

And calling himself a Frenchy for the shawls, Joseph Manuo, and talking against the catholic religion and he serving mass in Adam and Eve's when he was young with his eyes shut, who wrote the new testament, and the old testament, and hugging and smugging. []

the isolation of their synagogical and ecclesiastical rites in ghetto (S. Mary's Abbey) and masshouse (Adam and Eve's tavern) []

riverrun, past Eve and Adam's... []

Julia, though she was quite grey, was still the leading soprano in Adam and Eve's... []

1629: Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland

...their antiquity, both having been taught on the plain of Shinar 242 years after the deluge in the seminary instituted by Fenius Farsaigh, descendant of Noah, progenitor of Israel, and ascendant of Heber and Heremon, progenitors of Ireland... []

1632-36: 'Four Masters' compile Annals

No need to dwell on the legendary beauty of the cornerpieces, the acme of art, wherein one can distinctly discern each of the four evangelists in turn presenting to each of the four masters his evangelical symbol... []

They were the big four, the four master waves of Erin, all listening, four... []

1634: viceroy Strafford tries to make bigamy illegal (surviving Celtic custom)

1641: [map]

1641: Cornelius Maguire founds Molly Maguires

As much as his bloody life is worth to go down and address his tall talk to the assembled multitude in Shanagolden where he daren't show his nose with the Molly Maguires looking for him to let daylight through him for grabbing the holding of an evicted tenant. []

1642: Owen Roe commands Irish forces loyal to Charles I

A Stuart face of nonesuch Charles, lank locks falling at its sides. []

1649: Oliver Cromwell [info]

What about sanctimonious Cromwell and his ironsides that put the women and children of Drogheda to the sword with the bible text God is love pasted round the mouth of his cannon? []

...and he cursing the curse of Cromwell on him... []

1650? first Dublin synagogue in Crane Lane

1656: Jews readmitted to England

But with what fitness, let it be asked of the noble lord, his patron, has this alien, whom the concession of a gracious prince has admitted to civic rights, constituted himself the lord paramount of our internal polity? []

History-- would you be surprised to learn?-- proves up to the hilt Spain decayed when the Inquisition hounded the jews out and England prospered when Cromwell, an uncommonly able ruffian, who, in other respects, has much to answer for, imported them. []

Huguenots flee to Ireland (with red dyes)

A tilted urn poured from its mouth a flood of bloodhued poplin: lustrous blood. The huguenots brought that here. []

Katherine Strong collects trash in Dublin

Ladies did not disdain those pagan ironed times... to carry, as earwigs do their dead, their soil to the earthball... Kate Strong, a widow (Tiptip!)... did most all the scavenging from good King Hamlaugh's gulden dayne... []

1670: Bloody Bridge built

1676: parish church of St Michan's built

Limerick lace industry

Tipperary has silver, zinc, and lead mines

1685: Huguenot silk manufacture

A tilted urn poured from its mouth a flood of bloodhued poplin: lustrous blood. The huguenots brought that here. []

Huguenot name I expect that. A miss Dubedat lived in Killiney, I remember. []

...and our Huguenot poplin that we have since Jacquard de Lyon... []

1688? Brazen Head Hotel established in Dublin

1688: Irish support James II

--Ay, says John Wyse. We fought for the royal Stuarts that reneged us against the Williamites and they betrayed us. Remember Limerick and the broken treatystone. We gave our best blood to France and Spain, the wild geese. Fontenoy, eh? And Sarsfield and O'Donnell, duke of Tetuan in Spain, and Ulysses Browne of Camus that was fieldmarshal to Maria Teresa. But what did we ever get for it? []

1689: James II debases Irish currency [info]

On the sideboard the tray of Stuart coins, base treasure of a bog: and ever shall be. []

1690: William III defeats James II at Battle of the Boyne [info]

Where the foreleg of King Billy's horse pawed the air... []

And everything went on beautifully until Johnny came in sight of King Billy's statue: and whether he fell in love with the horse King Billy sits on or whether he thought he was back again in the mill, anyway he began to walk round the statue. []

1691: Treaty of Limerick

Remember Limerick and the broken treatystone. []

first 'Wild Geese' (supporters of James II) go into exile, incl Patrick Sarsfield

DON EMILE PATRIZIO FRANZ RUPERT POPE HENNESSY (In medieval hauberk, two wild geese volant on his helm, with noble indignation points a mailed hand against the privates.) []

1692: Catholics excluded from holding office

1693: Huguenot poplin industry in Dublin

1695: Penal Laws

Would you, Cranly asked, in extreme danger commit that particular sacrilege? For instance, if you lived in the penal days? []

...the proscription of their national costumes in penal laws and jewish dress acts... []

Waterford glass factory

1697-99: 750,000 acres transferred to William's allies

1700: [map]

John Anthony Collins (1676-1729)

--Socialism was founded by an Irishman and the first man in Europe who preached the freedom of thought was Collins. Two hundred years ago. He denounced priestcraft, the philosopher of Middlesex. Three cheers for John Anthony Collins! []

1713: Jonathan Swift becomes dean of St Patrick's Cathedral

For whom? The hundredheaded rabble of the cathedral close. A hater of his kind ran from them to the wood of madness, his mane foaming in the moon, his eyeballs stars. Houyhnhnm, horsenostrilled... Abbas father, furious dean, what offence laid fire to their brains? Paff! Descende, calve, ut ne amplius decalveris. A garland of grey hair on his comminated head see him me clambering down to the footpace (descende!) clutching a monstrance, basiliskeyed. Get down, bald poll! []

Doctor Swift says one man in armour will beat ten men in their shirts. [ ]

1714: death of Queen Anne

It's the ads and side features sell a weekly not the stale news in the official gazette. Queen Anne is dead. Published by authority in the year one thousand and. []

1714: George I

--And as for the Prooshians and the Hanoverians, says Joe, haven't we had enough of those sausageeating bastards on the throne from George the elector down to the German lad and the flatulent old bitch that's dead? []

1719: death of Addison

Was it not Addison, the great English writer, who, when on his deathbed, sent for the wicked young earl of Warwick to let him see how a christian can meet his end? []

Bishop Berkeley

The good bishop of Cloyne took the veil of the temple out of his shovel hat: veil of space with coloured emblems hatched on its field. []

The cup that cheers but not inebriates, as the old saying has it. []

1729: Swift's "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of poor People in Ireland, from being a Burden to their Parents or Country"

1731: death of Jack Lattin, perhaps after dancing 20 miles [info]

1734: Mercer's hospital incorporated

1737: Peg Woffington debuts as Ophelia (start of successful career)

1742: 13Apr: Handel's Messiah debuts at charity benefit for Mercer's

Mirus bazaar. His excellency the lord lieutenant. Sixteenth today it is. In aid of funds for Mercer's hospital. The Messiah was first given for that. Yes. Handel. []

Sir George McCartney

Do you know what is the pride of the English? Do you know what is the proudest word you will ever hear from an Englishman's mouth?
-- ...That on his empire, Stephen said, the sun never sets.
-- Ba! Mr Deasy cried. That's not English. A French Celt said that. []

1743: Mary Rochfort accused of adultery with brother-in-law, imprisoned until 1774

...Mary Rochfort, daughter of lord Molesworth, first countess of Belvedere. A listless lady, no more young, walked alone the shore of lough Ennel, Mary, first countess of Belvedere, listlessly walking in the evening, not startled when an otter plunged. Who could know the truth? Not the jealous lord Belvedere and not her confessor if she had not committed adultery fully, eiaculatio seminis inter vas naturale mulieris, with her husband's brother? She would half confess if she had not all sinned as women did. Only God knew and she and he, her husband's brother. []

1745: Dublin synagogue moves to Marborough Lane

1745: Rotunda maternity hospital opened

...a plan was by them adopted... whereby maternity was so far from all accident possibility removed that whatever care the patient in that allhardest of woman hour chiefly required... was provided. []

1746: death of Miss Grissel Steevens, benefactress of Dublin hospital, who was heavy and always wore a veil in public

those swineheaded (the case of Madame Grissel Steevens was not forgotten) []

various Ormond Bridge faction fights

Memorable bloody bridge battle and seven minutes' war, Stephen assented, between Skinner's alley and Ormond market. []

Rothschild dynasty

On the steps of the Paris stock exchange the goldskinned men quoting prices on their gemmed fingers. Gabbles of geese. They swarmed loud, uncouth, about the temple, their heads thickplotting under maladroit silk hats. []

Bloom embraces her tightly and bears eight male yellow and white children. They appear on a redcarpeted staircase adorned with expensive plants. All the octuplets are handsome, with valuable metallic faces, wellmade, respectably dressed and wellconducted, speaking five modern languages fluently and interested in various arts and sciences. Each has his name printed in legible letters on his shirtfront: Nasodoro, Goldfinger, Chrysostomos, Maindorée, Silversmile, Silberselber Vifargent, Panargyros. They are immediately appointed to positions of high public trust in several different countries as managing directors of banks, traffic managers of railways, chairmen of limited liability companies, vicechairmen of hotel syndicates. []

Given a guarantee equal to the sum sought, the support, by deed of gift and transfer vouchers during donor's lifetime or by bequest after donor's painless extinction, of eminent financiers (Blum Pasha, Rothschild, Guggenheim, Hirsch, Montefiore, Morgan, Rockefeller) possessing fortunes in 6 figures, amassed during a successful life, and joining capital with opportunity the thing required was done. []

...after incalculable eons of peregrination return an estranged avenger, a wreaker of justice on malefactors, a dark crusader, a sleeper awakened, with financial resources (by supposition) surpassing those of Rothschild or the silver king. []

1755: Essex Bridge built

Catholics call Methodists 'swaddlers'

He chased a crowd of ragged girls brandishing his unloaded catapult, and when two ragged boys began, out of chivalry, to fling stones at us, he proposed that we should charge them. I objected that the boys were too small and so we walked on, the ragged troop screaming after us Swaddlers! Swaddlers! thinking that we were Protestants because Mahony, who was dark-complexioned, wore the silver badge of a cricket club in his cap. []

1757: Clongowes 'ghost' killed in Battle of Prague

He saw the dark entrance hall of the castle. Old servants in old dress were in the ironingroom above the staircase. It was long ago. The old servants were quiet. There was a fire there but the hall was still dark. A figure came up the staircase from the hall. He wore the white cloak of a marshal; his face was pale and strange; he held his hand pressed to his side. He looked out of strange eyes at the old servants. They looked at him and saw their master's face and cloak and knew that he had received his deathwound. But only the dark was where they looked: only dark silent air. Their master had received his deathwound on the battlefield of Prague far away over the sea. He was standing on the field; his hand was pressed to his side; his face was pale and strange and he wore the white cloak of a marshal. []

And it was there that the old servants had seen the ghost in the white cloak of a marshal. []

1768: Queen's Bridge built

Whiteboys

He pointed to the portrait of his grandfather on the wall to his right. --Do you see that old chap up there, John? he said. He was a good Irishman when there was no money in the job. He was condemned to death as a whiteboy. []

1775: Henry Flood vice-treasurer of Ireland

Why not bring in Henry Grattan and Flood and Demosthenes and Edmund Burke? ... --Grattan and Flood wrote for this very paper, the editor cried in his face. Irish volunteers. []

1779: Walter Hussey Burgh's speech to Irish Parliament

It rains dragons' teeth. Armed heroes spring up from furrows. []

1782: Dungannon Convention declares independence of Dublin Parliament (in imitation of USA)

1782-1800: Grattan's Parliament [info]

Mr Dedalus lingered in the hall gazing about him and up at the roof and telling Stephen, who urged him to come out, that they were standing in the house of commons of the old Irish parliament. --God help us! he said piously, to think of the men of those times, Stephen, Hely Hutchinson and Flood and Henry Grattan and Charles Kendal Bushe, and the noblemen we have now, leaders of the Irish people at home and abroad. Why, by God, they wouldn't be seen dead in a tenacre field with them. []

Why not bring in Henry Grattan and Flood and Demosthenes and Edmund Burke? ... --Grattan and Flood wrote for this very paper, the editor cried in his face. Irish volunteers. []

By the stern stone hand of Grattan, bidding halt, an Inchicore tram unloaded straggling Highland soldiers of a band. []

They exchange in amity the pass of knights of the red cross and fight duels with cavalry sabres: Wolfe Tone against Henry Grattan... []

Four Courts?

1784: Raftery born (Antoine O'Reachtabra); later blinded by smallpox

the harsher and more personal note which is found in the satirical effusions of the famous Raftery... []

Peep O'Day Boys:

Raw facebones under his peep of day boy's hat. []

(Kevin Egan of Paris in black Spanish tasselled shirt and peep-o'-day boy's hat signs to Stephen.) []

Edmund Burke

Why not bring in Henry Grattan and Flood and Demosthenes and Edmund Burke? []

1785: Dunsink Observatory built

1786 (1775?): Belvedere House built by second earl of Belvedere

1789: French Revolution

Our countrymen know nothing of the Reformation, as they call it, and I hope they will know nothing of the French Revolution either. [SH ch14]

1790: Major Sirr

--There's a lineal descendant of Major Sirr for you if you like! O, the heart's blood of a patriot! That's a fellow now that'd sell his country for fourpence-- ay-- and go down on his bended knees and thank the Almighty Christ he had a country to sell. []

1791: Custom House built

1794: Hamilton Rowan escapes to France after conviction for sedition

He wondered from which window Hamilton Rowan had thrown his hat on the haha and had there been flowerbeds at that time under the windows. One day when he had been called to the castle the butler had shown him the marks of the soldiers' slugs in the wood of the door... []

That was where Hamilton Rowan had passed and the marks of the soldiers' slugs were there. []

1795: Sep: Orange Order founded

Do you know that the orange lodges agitated for repeal of the union twenty years before O'Connell did or before the prelates of your communion denounced him as a demagogue? You fenians forget some things.
Glorious, pious and immortal memory. The lodge of Diamond in Armagh the splendid behung with corpses of papishes. Hoarse, masked and armed, the planters' covenant. The black north and true blue bible. Croppies lie down. []

...a fellow named Crofter or Crofton, pensioner out of the collector general's, an orangeman Blackburn does have on the registration... []

Last in a drizzle of rain on a brokenwinded isabelle nag, Cock of the North, the favourite, honey cap, green jacket, orange sleeves, Garrett Deasy up, gripping the reins, a hockeystick at the ready. His nag on spavined whitegaitered feet jogs along the rocky road.) THE ORANGE LODGES (Jeering.) Get down and push, mister. Last lap! You'll be home the night! []

Catholic college founded at Maynooth

1798: rebellion [info] [etexts]

I taught him to sing. The boys of Kilkenny are stout roaring blades. []

Silly billies: mob of young cubs yelling their guts out. Vinegar hill. []

Who fears to speak of nineteen four? []

...he starts gassing out of him about the invincibles and the old guard and the men of sixtyseven and who fears to speak of ninetyeight and Joe with him about all the fellows that were hanged, drawn and transported for the cause by drumhead courtmartial... []

1798: Francis 'sham squire' Higgins betrays Edward Fitzgerald

--No honourable and sincere man, said Stephen, has given up to you his life and his youth and his affections from the days of Tone to those of Parnell but you sold him to the enemy or failed him in need or reviled him and left him for another. And you invite me to be one of you. I'd see you damned first.
--They died for their ideals, Stevie, said Davin. Our day will come yet, believe me.
...Ireland is the old sow that eats her farrow. []

And here comes the sham squire himself! professor MacHugh said grandly. []

Somewhere here lord Edward Fitzgerald escaped from major Sirr. Stables behind Moira house... Fine dashing young nobleman. Good stock, of course. That ruffian, that sham squire, with his violet gloves gave him away. []

...Lord Edward Fitzgerald against Lord Gerald Fitzedward... []

1798: autumn: 1000 French soldiers land at Killala

We are a long time waiting for that day, citizen, says Ned. Since the poor old woman told us that the French were on the sea and landed at Killala. []

trial of Wolfe Tone

Strange he never saw his real country. Ireland my country. []

And the citizen and Bloom having an argument about the point, the brothers Sheares and Wolfe Tone beyond on Arbour Hill and Robert Emmet and die for your country, the Tommy Moore touch about Sara Curran and she's far from the land. []

THE VIRAGO Green above the red, says he. Wolfe Tone. []

They exchange in amity the pass of knights of the red cross and fight duels with cavalry sabres: Wolfe Tone against Henry Grattan... []

1800: [map]

1800: Act of Union

I am descended from sir John Blackwood who voted for the union. We are all Irish, all kings' sons... Per vias rectas, Mr Deasy said firmly, was his motto. He voted for it and put on his topboots to ride to Dublin from the Ards of Down to do so. []

1803: Robert Emmet

Robert Emmet was buried here by torchlight, wasn't he? []

Down there Emmet was hanged, drawn and quartered. Greasy black rope. Dogs licking the blood off the street when the lord lieutenant's wife drove by in her noddy... Let me see. Is he buried in saint Michan's? Or no, there was a midnight burial in Glasnevin. Corpse brought in through a secret door in the wall. []

Then, not till then. My eppripfftaph. Be pfrwritt. Done. []

Bloom viewed a gallant pictured hero in Lionel Marks's window. Robert Emmet's last words... When my country takes her place among... Nations of the earth. No-one behind. She's passed. Then and not till then. Tram. Kran, kran, kran. Good oppor. Coming. Krandlkrankran. I'm sure it's the burgund. Yes. One, two. Let my epitaph be. Kraaaaaa. Written. I have. Pprrpffrrppffff. Done. []

And the citizen and Bloom having an argument about the point, the brothers Sheares and Wolfe Tone beyond on Arbour Hill and Robert Emmet and die for your country, the Tommy Moore touch about Sara Curran and she's far from the land. []

Your epitaph is written. []

COUNCILLOR NANNETTI ...When my country takes her place among the nations of the earth, then, and not till then, let my epitaph be written. I have... BLOOM Done. Prff! []

1804: fifteen Martello towers built between Dublin and Bray [cite]

Billy Pitt had them built, Buck Mulligan said, when the French were on the sea. []

1805: 02Oct: Battle of Trafalgar

We are liege subjects of the catholic chivalry of Europe that foundered at Trafalgar... []

1813: Father Peter Kenny (SJ) founds Clongowes Wood College

But he thought they were the portraits of the saints and great men of the order who were looking down on him silently as he passed: saint Ignatius Loyola holding an open book and pointing to the words Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam in it, saint Francis Xavier pointing to his chest, Lorenzo Ricci with his berretta on his head like one of the prefects of the lines, the three patrons of holy youth-- saint Stanislaus Kostka, saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Blessed John Berchmans-- all with young faces because they died when they were young, and Father Peter Kenny sitting in a chair wrapped in a big cloak. []

1821: George IV visits Howth

...Howth with its historic associations and otherwise, Silken Thomas, Grace O'Malley, George IV... []

1829: O'Connell and the Catholic Emancipation [info]

Then why was he sent to that place with them? But his father had told him that he would be no stranger there because his granduncle had presented an address to the liberator there fifty years before. []

--Didn't the bishops of Ireland betray us in the time of the union when bishop Lanigan presented an address of loyalty to the Marquess Cornwallis? Didn't the bishops and priests sell the aspirations of their country in 1829 in return for catholic emancipation? Didn't they denounce the fenian movement from the pulpit and in the confessionbox? And didn't they dishonour the ashes of Terence Bellew MacManus? ...I forgot little old Paul Cullen! Another apple of God's eye! []

Do you know that the orange lodges agitated for repeal of the union twenty years before O'Connell did or before the prelates of your communion denounced him as a demagogue? []

They passed under the hugecloaked Liberator's form. []

The shadows of the tombs when churchyards yawn and Daniel O'Connell must be a descendant I suppose who is this used to say he was a queer breedy man great catholic all the same like a big giant in the dark. []

Great nationalist meeting in Borris-in-Ossory. []

...Smith O'Brien against Daniel O'Connell... []

1829: Goethe tells Eckermann "the Irish always seem to me like a pack of hounds [Catholics] dragging down some noble stag [Protestant]"

1830: coronation of William IV (the Sailor King)

Our Sailor King... smiled most heartily beneath his walrus moustaches and indulging that none too genial humour which William the Conk on the spindle side had inherited with the hereditary whitelock and some shortfingeredness from his great aunt Sophy... []

1832: 13yo Victoria takes singing lessons from Lablache

--Lablache, said Father Cowley. []

1833: Samuel Ferguson's 'The Fairy Thorn' will inspire Yeats and AE's 'opal hush' esthetic (WBY will declare SF Ireland's greatest poet ever)

They're glancing through the glimmer of the quiet eve,
Away in milky wavings of neck and ankle bare...

1835: death of blind Raftery

1835: Dublin synagogue moves to chapter house

...the original jews' temple was here too before they built their synagogue over in Adelaide road... []

1835: Gladstone attacks O'Connell

He raged at the restless iniquity of O'Connell in 1835... [cw226]

1836: 05Sep: 17yo Princess Victoria writes of Ireland in her diary "How ill treated that poor Country & Nation has been!"

1838: 10Apr: Father Mathew launches successful temperance campaign (linked to Repeal movement: "Ireland sober is Ireland free")

1838: 19yo Queen Victoria hates brushing teeth

Drumont, know what he called queen Victoria? Old hag with the yellow teeth. Vieille ogresse with the dents jaunes. []

KEVIN EGAN H'lo! Bonjour! The vieille ogresse with the dents jaunes []

1839: Carlyle writes "England is guilty towards Ireland and reaps at last, in full measure, the fruit of fifteen generations of wrongdoing"

1840: 10Feb: Victoria weds Albert

--And as for the Prooshians and the Hanoverians, says Joe, haven't we had enough of those sausageeating bastards on the throne from George the elector down to the German lad and the flatulent old bitch that's dead? []

1841: [map] stats

1841: Jesuits buy Belvedere House

Loyal Irish Assoc for the Repeal of the Union

1842: 15Oct: Thomas Davis founds 'Nation' with Young Irelanders; circulation quickly reaches 25k

39yo opium-addict Mangan hired by Nation (d1849)

1843: 13Aug (Sun): O'Connell's million-man 'monster meeting' on Hill of Tara

Gone with the wind. Hosts at Mullaghmast and Tara of the kings. Miles of ears of porches. The tribune's words, howled and scattered to the four winds. A people sheltered within his voice. Dead noise. Akasic records of all that ever anywhere wherever was. Love and laud him: me no more. []

1843: 07Oct: Robert Peel forbids next-day's monster-meeting at Clontarf; O'Connell blinks

1843: 14Oct (Sat): O'Connell, Gavan Duffy, et al imprisoned for seditious conspiracy

O'Connell loses will to fight ('softening of the brain')

1844: Jun: O'Connell et al sentenced to one year (reversed after 3mos)

1844: Sep? giant Dublin parade welcomes O'Connell home

1844: late: Victoria dissuaded from visiting Ireland by O'Connell's warning she'd face endless calls for repeal

Young Ireland floats scheme for nationalist reading rooms (fizzles)

Davis's Eighty-two Club fails to unify 'cultivated classes' (Protestants join, Catholics don't)

1845: Peel's Irish education bills divide Catholics (against non-sectarian clause) and Protestants (for)

1845: May: O'Connell renounces Young Ireland for Old (Catholic) Ireland

1845: 16Sep: 31yo Davis dies of scarlet fever, Gavan Duffy takes over editing Nation

1845: 22Nov: John Mitchel (enthusiastic fan of Carlyle's French Revolution) advocates attacks on railways

Speranza (1826-1896)

At the corner of Wilde's he halted... []

...rendering on their blackdraped instruments the matchless melody endeared to us from the cradle by Speranza's plaintive muse. []

1846-47: worst years of potato famine (10k dead/wk) [info] [info&maps] ditto, ditto [English views]

I remember the famine in '46. []

They were driven out of house and home in the black '47. Their mudcabins and their shielings by the roadside were laid low by the batteringram and the Times rubbed its hands and told the whitelivered Saxons there would soon be as few Irish in Ireland as redskins in America. Even the Grand Turk sent us his piastres. But the Sassenach tried to starve the nation at home while the land was full of crops that the British hyenas bought and sold in Rio de Janeiro. Ay, they drove out the peasants in hordes. Twenty thousand of them died in the coffinships. []

Old Gummy Granny in sugarloaf hat appears seated on a toadstool, the deathflower of the potato blight on her breast. []

...depopulation, more unique than rare in a civilised country, which was and still is the bitter fruit of misgovernment [cw212-1910]

emigration to Britain [map]

1846: 31Dec: Victoria's diary "...& in the midst of all this, the Landlords appropriate the people's corn! after all we have done to supply the needy with food!"

Irish Confederation under Smith O'Brien secedes from defeatist Young Ireland

1847: May: O'Connell dies in Genoa, heart buried in Rome; John O'C orders corpse preserved for burial after elections, to weaken Young Ireland

1847: 05Aug (Thu): 72yo Daniel O'Connell buried in Glasnevin [info]

--The O'Connell circle, Mr Dedalus said about him. Mr Power's soft eyes went up to the apex of the lofty cone. --He's at rest, he said, in the middle of his people, old Dan O'. But his heart is buried in Rome. []

1847: 'Gregory clause' (after LadyG's future husband) of relief bill strips starving of their land

1847: 05Nov: Victoria on murder of landlord: "Really they are a terrible people."

1847: Dec: Mitchel fired from Nation after being radicalised by Lalor

...the bitterly sceptical school of John Mitchell... [cw224]

1848: Mitchel starts United Irishman w/Mangan et al

1848: Feb: revolution in France re-inspires Young Ireland to militancy

1848: Mar: Hungarian Kossuth incites rebellion in Vienna (Austria-Hungary), emperor flees, serfs freed, freedom of press and religion, etc

1848: Apr: Mitchel, Smith O'Brien et al arrested for sedition (Mitchel gets 14 yrs)

1848: 09Jul: arrests of Irish Confederation leaders incl Duffy; Speranza edits Nation

Orange-Lodge agent-provocateur Kirwan discovered in Irish Confederation

James Stephens emerges as firebrand in Kilkenny; Smith O'Brien organises timid army in Tipperary; priests order troops to disband

1848: 27Jul: SO'B's skirmish in Ballingarry results in mass arrests; James Stephens escapes to France

1848: James Fintan Lalor's revolutionary circle (incl John O'Leary) begets Fenian movement [info]

1849: May: Duffy released

S'OB sentenced to life

1849: 04Jul: Jack Joyce (JAJ's father) born in Cork

1849: summer: Duffy gives Carlyle unsuccessful tour of Ireland

1849: Aug: Victoria visits Cove (Queenstown or Cobh), Cork, Dublin; considers biennial stays in Phoenix Park

...the salute of two small schoolboys at the garden gate of the house said to have been admired by the late queen when visiting the Irish capital with her husband, the prince consort, in 1849... []

1849: autumn: Lalor organises attacks on police in Tipperary and Waterford; Lalor dies in custody, John O'Leary released

1850: Aug: Irish Tenant League organised by Duffy dedicated to three Fs: free sale of tenant equity, fixity of tenure, and fair rent

1853: 07Apr: Victoria uses chloroform to ease birth of 8th child

Twilight sleep idea: queen Victoria was given that. Nine she had. A good layer.

1853: Newman founds Catholic University

The university! So he had passed beyond the challenge of the sentries who had stood as guardians of his boyhood and had sought to keep him among them that he might be subject to them and serve their ends. Pride after satisfaction uplifted him like long slow waves. The end he had been born to serve yet did not see had led him to escape by an unseen path: and now it beckoned to him once more and a new adventure was about to be opened to him. []

The soul of the gallant venal city which his elders had told him of had shrunk with time to a faint mortal odour rising from the earth and he knew that in a moment when he entered the sombre college he would be conscious of a corruption other than that of Buck Egan and Burnchapel Whaley...The corridor was dark and silent but not unwatchful. Why did he feel that it was not unwatchful? Was it because he had heard that in Buck Whaley's time there was a secret staircase there? []

His courtesy of manner rang a little false, and Stephen looked at the English convert with the same eyes as the elder brother in the parable may have turned on the prodigal. A humble follower in the wake of clamorous conversions, a poor Englishman in Ireland, he seemed to have entered on the stage of jesuit history when that strange play of intrigue and suffering and envy and struggle and indignity had been all but given through-- a latecomer, a tardy spirit. From what had he set out? Perhaps he had been born and bred among serious dissenters, seeing salvation in Jesus only and abhorring the vain pomps of the establishment. Had he felt the need of an implicit faith amid the welter of sectarianism and the jargon of its turbulent schisms, six principle men, peculiar people, seed and snake baptists, supralapsarian dogmatists? Had he found the true church all of a sudden in winding up to the end like a reel of cotton some finespun line of reasoning upon insufflation or the imposition of hands or the procession of the Holy Ghost? Or had Lord Christ touched him and bidden him follow, like that disciple who had sat at the receipt of custom, as he sat by the door of some zincroofed chapel, yawning and telling over his church pence? []

1856: James Stephens returns in disguise, tours country 3000mi on foot as 'Mr Shook'

Jeremiah O'Donovan organises Phoenix National and Literary Society in Skibbereen (west Cork)

Stephens organises US donations in support of insurrection (American Fenianism)

Alexander Sullivan buys 'Nation', forms politically ambitious 'Bantry band' with relatives

His father's gibes at the Bantry gang leaped out of his memory. []

1858? Victoria declared Empress of India

Thereon embossed in excellent smithwork was seen the image of a queen of regal port, scion of the house of Brunswick, Victoria her name, Her Most Excellent Majesty, by grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions beyond the sea, queen, defender of the faith, Empress of India, even she, who bore rule, a victress over many peoples, the wellbeloved, for they knew and loved her from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof, the pale, the dark, the ruddy and the ethiop. []

1858: Phoenix Society betrayed by priest and informer ('Sullivan-Goulah')

1858: 30Oct: Nation attacks Fenianism as inviting British to make "raw-head and bloody-bones scarecrow" of nationalism, to defuse pending arrests of Phoenix group

Rawhead and bloody bones. []

Raw head and bloody bones. []

O'Donovan et al arrested, Stephens accuses Nation of 'felon-setting'

1861: [map]

1861: Wellington Monument in Phoenix Park (d1852)

The snow would be lying on the branches of the trees and forming a bright cap on the top of the Wellington Monument. []

The Wellington Monument wore a gleaming cap of snow that flashed westward over the white field of Fifteen Acres. []

1861: Aug: Victoria visits Ireland incl Killarney

1861: 13Dec: death of Prince Albert

Widowhood not the thing since the old queen died. Drawn on a guncarriage. Victoria and Albert. Frogmore memorial mourning. But in the end she put a few violets in her bonnet. Vain in her heart of hearts. All for a shadow. Consort not even a king. Her son was the substance. Something new to hope for not like the past she wanted back, waiting. []

1863: 05Mar: Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra

...2 fading photographs of queen Alexandra of England and of Maud Branscombe, actress and professional beauty... []

1864: Allingham's "Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland" (rhymed couplets about agrarian problem) praised by O'Leary

Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland by William Allingham (second edition, green cloth, gilt trefoil design, previous owner's name on recto of flyleaf erased). []

1864: Kingsley vs Newman

--It is a question of temper. Newman could refrain from writing his Apologia for twenty years.
--But when he came out on him! said the President with a chuckle and an expressive incompletion of the phrase. Poor Kingsley! [SH ch18]

John O'Leary

John O'Leary against Lear O'Johnny []

1865-1869: Isaac Butt is defense attorney for most Fenians

1865: 11Nov: James Stephens arrested, broken out of jail 2 wks later

How the head centre got away, authentic version. Got up as a young bride, man, veil, orangeblossoms, drove out the road to Malahide. []

Chap in the paybox there got away James Stephens, they say. O'Brien. []

James Stephens' idea was the best. He knew them. Circles of ten so that a fellow couldn't round on more than his own ring. Sinn Fein. Back out you get the knife. Hidden hand. Stay in, the firing squad. Turnkey's daughter got him out of Richmond, off from Lusk. Putting up in the Buckingham Palace hotel under their very noses. Garibaldi. []

There he is sitting there. The man that got away James Stephens. []

JOHN WYSE NOLAN There's the man that got away James Stephens. []

1866: rumors about Victoria and John Brown

Jesus, I had to laugh at the way he came out with that about the old one with the winkers on her, blind drunk in her royal palace every night of God, old Vic, with her jorum of mountain dew and her coachman carting her up body and bones to roll into bed and she pulling him by the whiskers and singing him old bits of songs about Ehren on the Rhine and come where the boose is cheaper. []

1867: late summer: Kelly and Deasy arrested in Manchester

Ricard Burke leads successful mission to free Kelly and Deasy; policeman killed accidentally

Burke and Joseph Casey ('Kevin Egan') arrested

1867: 23Nov: three Fenians hanged for helping Burke ('Manchester martyrs'); Cardinal Cullen forbids priests to show public sympathy

TD Sullivan writes "God Save Ireland" based on martyrs' last words, quickly becomes lugubrious 'national hymn'

Whether on the scaffold high. []

Tramp, tramp, tramp the boys are (atitudes!) parching. Beer, beef, business, bibles, bulldogs, battleships, buggery and bishops. Whether on the scaffold high. Beerbeef trample the bibles. When for Irelandear. Trample the trampellers. Thunderation! Keep the durned millingtary step. We fall. []

He ought to have either died naturally or on the scaffold high. []

1867: 13Dec (Fri): Fenians bomb Clerkenwell prison hoping to free Burke and Casey; 500 lbs of gunpowder in a handcart kills 12, injures 120

The blue fuse burns deadly between hands and burns clear. Loose tobacco shreds catch fire: a flame and acrid smoke light our corner. Raw facebones under his peep of day boy's hat... Lover, for her love he prowled with colonel Richard Burke, tanist of his sept, under the walls of Clerkenwell and, crouching, saw a flame of vengeance hurl them upward in the fog. Shattered glass and toppling masonry. In gay Paree he hides, Egan of Paris, unsought by any save by me. []

AM Sullivan serves 6mos for sedition

1868: Ardagh chalice discovered in Limerick

English racism

--No West-Briton could speak worse of his countrymen. You are simply giving vent to old stale libels-- the drunken Irishman, the baboon-faced Irishman that we see in Punch. [SH ch17]

opera

Mr Browne could go back farther still, to the old Italian companies that used to come to Dublin-- Tietjens, Ilma de Murzka, Campanini, the great Trebelli, Giuglini, Ravelli, Aramburo. Those were the days, he said, when there was something like singing to be heard in Dublin. []

grocers

Coming up redheaded curates from the county Leitrim, rinsing empties and old man in the cellar. Then, lo and behold, they blossom out as Adam Findlaters or Dan Tallons. []

who?