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07Jan 1904: "But in the intervals of friendships (for he had outridden three) he had known the sisterhood of meditative hours and now the hope began to grow up within him of finding among them that serene emotion, that certitude, which among men he had not found." {Dana Portrait]29Aug 1904, to Nora: "When I was younger I had a friend to whom I gave myself freely-- in a way more than I give to you and in a way less. He was Irish, that is to say, he was false to me." [SL27]
18Sep 1905 to Stannie: "It is quite certain that in the past, for example with the 'companion' and with Gogarty and Byrne, I behaved as I did (to G's and B's astonishment, unselfishly) because my own nature would have been offended had I behaved otherwise." [SL75]
c1907, to Stannie, of the unsatisfactory first rewrite of Stephen Hero: 'it began at a railway station like most college stories; there were three companions in it, and a sister who dies by way of pathos.' [e264]
U9.977 (Stephen of the Library crew): "Where is your brother? Apothecaries' hall. My whetstone. Him, then Cranly, Mulligan: now these."
This page is meant primarily to address the mystery of the third friend cited in January 1904 (and maybe again in the 1907 quote), long before any break with Gogarty. (My preliminary guess is that he meant Davin, or maybe Skeffington.)
Secondarily, I want to explore the breaks with Byrne (Cranly) and Gogarty (Mulligan), which are unconvincingly handled by Ellmann. And for completeness, I've added some notes on Joyce's female friends.
Many of these friends wrote memoirs of Joyce, which I hope eventually to digest here as well.
Earliest friends: Eileen Vance [e26, pc90-92, 1887-1890?], Tom Furlong [e31, 2yrs older], Aubrey Raynold [e35, pc105, 1yr younger], Richard Sheehy (same age) [pic4 in L2], Willie Fallon [pc129, Mikhail 12], Leo Wilkins [pc139], Alf Bergan [e45, 2yrs older], Susie McKernan [pc165, 8yrs younger]
Encounter (1894): Leo Dillon = Leo Wilkins; Mahony = Stannie ("in my heart I had always despised him a little")
Araby (1894): Mangan = Richard Sheehy; sister = Mary?
Mike Flynn
Richard Sleater
Vincent Hearne/Heron
Rivalry with Vincent Heron
Fight with Heron
Epiphany of Mr. Tate.
Miles Davin
James Brennan
Matthew Lister
Thomas Nash
Oliver Flanagan
Patrick Hoey
Owen Hoey
Annie Hoey
Davin here was Clancy in life, Madden in SH and Ulysses, and Davin again in the Trieste Portrait.
Brennan is probably Jeff Byrne, Cranly in SH, the Trieste Portrait, and Ulysses. Ellmann's Plate V shows Joyce, Byrne, and Clancy posed as a group.
Lister might be Cosgrave/Lynch, or SH's Wells, Whelan, Temple, or Glynn.
Thomas Nash survives in the Mullingar chapter of SH, where it appears he was Stephen's enemy at Belvedere-- in the Trieste Portrait he holds Stephen's arms in the fight with Heron and Boland. (So why is he not in the list with Heron?)
Flanagan is surely Gogarty (Goggins in the Trieste Portrait, Mulligan in Ulysses), and is mentioned by Temple as a new name at SH25 p225.
The Hoeys may be the Sheehys, called the Daniels in SH.
John ?Butter
William Judge
Joseph Magennis
John Andrews
Christopher McCann
Hon Mrs Ambrose
James MacCormack
Many gaps here! These seem to be University-or-later, but not James's friends.
Magennis was a University professor who encouraged James, and appears in Ulysses.
Philip McCann was Joyce's godfather's real name, but he becomes Fulham in SH. Phil McCann in SH is Skeffington.
MacCormack may be the singer (John) who James visited in March 1904, and shared a platform with in August. (If so, the naming here is interesting!)
Clare Howard/Eileen Dixon
Emma Clery
Gertrude Mayne/Martha Albin/Sarah Albin
Charlotte Harrington
Esther Osvalt
Elinor Forde
These interesting clues are surely much closer to truth about Joyce's youthful affections than anything in the later works.
Eileen has been identified with one or another of the Sheehy girls (cf Annie Hoey above), or one of Aunt Jo's girls. A Miss Howard appears in the Mullingar chapter of SH, apparently Fulham's heir.
The unidentified love-object in "Araby" may be one of these. Peter Costello has definitely identified Emma as M.E. Cleary, with some added characteristics of Elizabeth Justice.
Gerty and Martha (the names) are perhaps recycled in Ulysses.
Osvalt appears in Ulysses as a Parisian, probably a prostitute. (What a loss, then, that these Paris chapters were never written!)
Elinor Forde sounds rich and Protestant and inaccessible.
Missing: Lucy the bird-girl
Letter from Eileen Dixon: Eileen and Emma.
Meeting with godfather in train coming home
Her reproving eyes, his dreams.
Bray: Eileen and Wells.
Soixante-Neuf. (after a walk)
'Her reproving eyes' are surely Miss Howard's, accompanying Mr Fulham. SH14 p240 says "...perhaps the uncontaminated nature which he had then imagined accusing him..."
Eileen Vance = Eileen Vance
Tom Furlong = Tom Furlong
Aubrey Mills = Aubrey Raynold
EC = ME Cleary and Mary Sheehy
Vincent Heron = Albrecht Connolly
Nash "the idler of the class"
MacCann = Skeffington
Cranly = Byrne
Davin = Clancy
Moynihan = Gogarty???
Temple = Elwood?
Lynch = Cosgrave
Donovan = ?
Dixon = Sheehy?
Goggins = Gogarty?
Glynn
Robert = Gogarty and Kettle?
Mulligan = Gogarty
Cranly = Byrne
Madden = Clancy?
Lynch = Cosgrave
Dixon = Sheehy?
15Aug 1904, to NB: "I offended two men today by leaving them coolly." [SL25]
Albrecht Connolly
[e40, pic4 in L2]
SH notes: Vincent Hearne/Heron
Rivalry with Vincent Heron Fight with Heron Epiphany of Mr. Tate.
14Jun (Tue): JAJ and Albi Connolly skip religion exam [pc145, e56]
wrote My Brother's Keeper and Dublin Diary
Jun 1894: co-conspirator in miching adventure cf [Encounter]
called 'Maurice Daedalus' in SH notes
John Francis ('Jeff'?) Byrne (b1880)
wrote Silent Years
1894-95: in class of 30 with JAJ [Mikhail p2]
late-Oct: JAJ dubs Byrne 'Cranly' (for 'White Bishop') [Mikhail p5]
July 1899 Diseases of the Ox vs talking a long walk [pc162, SH, Mikhail p6]
Nov 1899: joins L&H [pc170]
Apr 1900: "After his article on Ibsen had been published, Joyce's relationship with his few associates became impaired by either their jealousy or sycophancy; and so it happened that Joyce was forced during the next couple of years to rely more than ever on me for companionship.
spring 1902: "One night in early spring, standing at the foot of the staircase in the library, he said to his friend 'I have left the Church.' And as they walked home through the streets arm-in-arm he told, in words that seemed an echo of their closing, how he had left it through the gates of Assisi." [Dana Portrait]
Nov 1902: begins medical studies at St Cecilia's [pc179]
15Dec 1902: postcards to Byrne (w/Chamber Music XXXV [qv]) and Cosgrave [pic]
Stannie claims JFB was wounded that Cosgrave got the dog-latin discussion of Paris prostitutes [L2-20]
18Apr 1903: conciliatory (?) letter to JFB
03Jun 1904, JAJ to OG: "His Particular Intensity [JFB?] walks now unencumbered [by VC?]."
19Aug 1904: letter in latin regretting he has no money to lend, complaining of 'Holy Office' insults [L2-47]
James Brennan
Brennan is probably Jeff Byrne, Cranly in SH, the Trieste Portrait, and Ulysses. Ellmann's Plate V shows Joyce, Byrne, and Clancy posed as a group.
13Nov 1906, JAJ to Stannie: sneers that Byrne thinks Skeff a 'pure' man, unlike J, and that J would become a drunkard in Europe {SL129, 131]
Aug 1909: Byrne defends Nora against Cosgrave
(why did he arrive late to Matriculation year?)
rooms in Grantham street [pc170]
"well-built and dark-haired... a keen sense of humour and no guile" French class with JAJ and Eugene Sheehy [Mikhail p11]
Miles Davin
Davin here was Clancy in life, Madden in SH and Ulysses, and Davin again in the Trieste Portrait.
Francis 'Frank' Skeffington
(b1878) [pc171]
'Knickerbockers'
wager about halfpenny of gooseberries paid with a guinea [Mikhail p13]
1901: Peace Pledge [SH, PoA]
Oct 1901: 'A Forgotten Aspect of the University Question' published with 'Rabblement'
"And was it any wonder that out of this marvellous life, wherein he had annihilated and rebuilt experience, laboured and despaired, he came forth at last with a simple purpose-- to reunite the children of the spirit, jealous and long-divided, to reunite them against fraud and principality. A thousand eternities were to be reaffirmed, divine knowledge was to be re-established. Alas for Fatuity! as easily might he have summoned a regiment of the winds. They pleaded their natural pieties-- social limitations, inherited apathy of race, an adoring mother, the Christian fable. Their treasons were venial only. Wherever the social monster permitted they would hazard the extremes of heterodoxy, reasons of an imaginative determinant in ethics, of anarchy (the folk), of blue triangles, of the fish-gods, proclaiming in a fervent moment the necessity for action. His revenge was a phrase and isolation. He lumped the emancipates together-- Venomous Butter-- and set away from the sloppy neighborhood." [Dana Portrait]
08Feb 1903: Joyce damns Skeff in letter to Stannie [L2-28]
29Sep 1903: Skeffington offers JAJ job at UC [e140, pc216, L2-41]
19Nov 1903: JAJ proposes (to Skeffington) starting "Goblin" newspaper
Apr 1904: writes poems after walking in hills with Mary Sheehy and Skeffington
Christopher McCann
Philip McCann was Joyce's godfather's real name, but he becomes Fulham in SH. Phil McCann in SH is Skeffington.
Clongowes, UC
knew AE and WBY before JAJ, better read than JAJ, derided folk lit c1898 [cpc33, 35, 65]
lived near Sandymount in 1904, JAJ thought him too demonstrative [ofjj43]
Gogarty: "A holy Hegelian Kettle/ Has faith which we cannot unsettle/ If no one abused it/ He might have reduced it/ But now he is quite on his mettle." [cpc76]
good review of Chamber Music in 1907 Freeman's Journal [cpc76]
shared interest in Gregorian chant and choral music, good bass voice, enthusiastic attendance at Palestrina choir [mbk174]
collected Byrne's solecisms [mbk172]
15Dec 1903: postcards to Byrne (w/Chamber Music XXXV [qv]) and Cosgrave [pic]
03Jun 1904, JAJ to OG: "His Particular Intensity [JFB?] walks now unencumbered [by VC?]."
27Aug: accompanies NB to JAJ concert [L2-48]
12Sep 1904, to NB: "I have to go into town shortly to meet Mr Cosgrave."
29Sep 1904, to Nora: JAJ has unintentionally wronged VC, because he believed what he told Nora (that JAJ was mad?) [SL32]
13Nov 1906, JAJ to Stannie: sneers that VC thought J would become a 'nymphomaniac' in Europe {SL131]
Aug 1909: Byrne defends Nora against Cosgrave
Ellmann says never finished med school but was licensed to practice medicine in 1915 by Apothecaries Hall
called 'Citizen Elwood' because he addressed postcards to people that way, in honor of the French revolution [ofjj40]
03Jun 1904: JAJ to OG: "Ellwood is nearly cured."
CP Curran
(b1880? or 1883, degree in law) [pc157, L2-50] [pic5 in L2]
wrote
noticed JAJ as freshman
"my first poet" [Mikhail p168]
23Jun: sends SH [SL21]
03Jul 1904: plea for money [SL22]
15Jul? sends thanks and promises SH chapter [SL22]
30Aug 1904: plea for 'mental and material' help [L2-50]
Padraic Colum
[pic] ditto bio [bio&pic]
Zack Bowen wrote a book about PC, but with very little biog
1881: 08Dec: born, eldest of seven sibs, father taught in workhouse (poorhouse), then failed in USA, then clerk for rairoad
1890-98: National School in Sandycove
1897: mother dies
1898-1903: clerk for railroad
didn't go to UC, working in Kildare street railway office [ofjj68]
first poems in Irish Independent and United Irishman
PC wins 3 guineas for anti-UK play "Saxon Shillin'"
PC joins Fays' theater company, plays bit parts (Buinne in Deirdre premiere)
1902: Dec: INDS rehearses controversial play "Saxon Shillin'" (Fay demands changes) premieres 15May 1903
1902-03? WBY takes PC under wing; PC joins Hermetic Society (Sunday night meetings?) [zb7]
1903: 'Broken Soil' produced
1903-08? Thomas Kelly offers £70 per year for 5 yrs (increasing £10 per year)
Nov 1903? aware of JAJ at UC, but didn't meet until after Paris, pre-Goblin [Mikhail p39] after performance of 'Doll's House', lent poems
1904? PC resigns INTS when Horniman changes rules
1905? founds monthly Irish Review with James Stephens, Thomas MacDonagh, David Houston, and the future Mary Maguire Colum (runs until 1914)
1909-12: inseparable from Mary
1912: marries Mary; weekly open house in Donnybrook
1914: to USA: Pittsburgh, then NYC (Chicago, New Hampshire)
1916: children's stories and poems establish reputation in USA
1922: return to Ireland, then Paris, then Hawaii for folklore project
1925-28: New Canaan, Connecticut
1930: Paris for 6mos, time with JAJ; Mary sickly
back to NYC for good
1939: PC and Mary join Columbia U faculty
1957: Mary dies
Gogarty
25Dec? 1903: JAJ meets Gogarty [pic]
early April? 1904: request for help [L2-41]
03Jun:
Oliver Flanagan
Flanagan is surely Gogarty (Goggins in the Trieste Portrait, Mulligan in Ulysses), and is mentioned by Temple as a new name at SH25 p225.
03Dec 1906 to Stannie: "Explain how it is that while Byrne and Pappie and Mrs Cosgrave formed a true opinion of O.G. I, with more opportunity, formed an untrue one." [SL136]
Starkey
(b1879)
George Roberts
13Jul 1904: request for money [SL23]
Sheehys [pic4 in L2]
1900 30Sep (Sun): party with Sheehys [e92]
Patrick Hoey Owen Hoey Annie Hoey
The Hoeys may be the Sheehys, called the Daniels in SH.
Clare Howard/Eileen Dixon Emma Clery Gertrude Mayne/Martha Albin/Sarah Albin Charlotte Harrington Esther Osvalt Elinor Forde
These interesting clues are surely much closer to truth about Joyce's youthful affections than anything in the later works.
Eileen has been identified with one or another of the Sheehy girls (cf Annie Hoey above), or one of Aunt Jo's girls. A Miss Howard appears in the Mullingar chapter of SH, apparently Fulham's heir.
The unidentified love-object in "Araby" may be one of these. Peter Costello has definitely identified Emma as M.E. Cleary, with some added characteristics of Elizabeth Justice.
Gerty and Martha (the names) are perhaps recycled in Ulysses.
Osvalt appears in Ulysses as a Parisian, probably a prostitute. (What a loss, then, that these Paris chapters were never written!)
Elinor Forde sounds rich and Protestant and inaccessible.
Missing: Lucy the bird-girl
Letter from Eileen Dixon: Eileen and Emma.
Meeting with godfather in train coming home Her reproving eyes, his dreams. Bray: Eileen and Wells. Soixante-Neuf. (after a walk)
'Her reproving eyes' are surely Miss Howard's, accompanying Mr Fulham. SH14 p240 says "...perhaps the uncontaminated nature which he had then imagined accusing him..."
Mary Cleary (b1882) [pc188]
May 1900? maybe JAJ attends Gaelic meetings because of her
late-1902? suggestive postcard to ME Cleary? [e53] [more]
Mary Sheehy [pc191]
19May 1894: last night of Araby bazaar [etext] [pc129, e40]
Elizabeth Justice (b1883, d1912) [pc192]
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