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Belvedere: origins
At Clongowes, Joyce will simply have gone through some elementary textbook, such as First Steps in Latin, possibly reinforced by a grammar (probably Kennedy's Latin Primer ), and perhaps a reader, such as Fabulae Faciles. He was only nine when he left, after all. The portrait of Fr. Arnall's Latin class[5] does not suggest that Latin at Clongowes held many happy memories for him.In Belvedere, we know what his set books and subjects were for each of the three grades of the school, Junior, Middle and Senior, and what he had to do for the Intermediate and Leaving examinations. In the Junior Grade, he read Caesar, De Bello Gallico (selections), and Ovid (selections), and studied early Republican history. In the Intermediate exam, which he did after completing this grade, the set books were De Bello Gallico V and Aeneid V (a rather strange book to pick, perhaps), and the history to be studied was 'Punic Wars to the Gracchi'. As a reader (though in English, rather than in Latin class) we know that Joyce used Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses, and specifically in the edition of John Cooke.[6]
In the Middle Grade, the set books were Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, in which he would have found the story of Daedalus (line 188 of that book, of course, "Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes", forms the motto for A Portrait of the Artist ); and Cicero, De Senectute, a gloriously inappropriate work for growing boys to read, on would think, but one which remained a set book in the Irish educational system until quite recent times.[7] In Roman History, one continued from the Gracchi down to Marius and Sulla, presumably in more detail than previously. Latin prosody was also studied, in the textbook of the sixteenth century Portuguese priest, Manoel Alvarez.[8] Carey's Gradus ad Parnassum[9] may also have been used, though it is especially useful for Latin verse composition, which was not, I think, inflicted on Joyce.
In the Senior Grade, the set books were Horace's Odes, Book III, and Book V of Livy's Histories, and on these Joyce did his final school examination, in which he got considerably lower marks in Latin than he had in the examination two years before (560/1200, as opposed to 642 -- neither very distinguished, it must be said!). However, he developed a considerable admiration for Horace, which found expression in a fine translation of Ode III 13, O Fons Bandusiae[10], of which there is an echo in FW, p. 280: "that fount Bandusian shall play liquick music and after odours sigh of musk." [source]
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Ulysses:
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Finnegans Wake:
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