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A Joycean history of Judeo-Christianity

James Joyce's works contain hundreds of allusions to the histories of Catholicism, Christianity, and Judaism. I'll try to re-sort these here, into historically-chronological order.

related pages: Old Testament : New Testament : Judaism : Ireland : Bible : theosophy : Jesus : Crossan : Yeshua : Krishnamurti

4000 BC: earliest circumcision in Egypt? [cite] [background]

"--The islanders, Mulligan said to Haines casually, speak frequently of the collector of prepuces." [Telem] "--Jehovah, collector of prepuces, is no more." [Scylla] "--Circumcised? says Joe. --Ay, says I. A bit off the top." [Cyclops] "This wet is very unpleasant. Stuck. Well the foreskin is not back. Better detach." [Nausikaa] "the circumcision of male infants" [Ithaca] "I was dying to find out was he circumcised" [Penelope]

c4000-3000 BC? supposed era of the Book of Genesis: Creation, Adam&Eve, the Flood, etc (possibly not composed until c500 BC) [quotes]

c3200 BC: taboo on pork becomes general in Egypt [cite]

"While he unwrapped the kidney the cat mewed hungrily against him... Say they won't eat pork. Kosher." [Calypso]

c2300 BC: Mesopotamian demoness Ardat Lili (Lilitu) will evolve into Lilith [info] ditto

"Then spoke young Stephen orgulous of mother Church that would cast him out of her bosom, of law of canons, of Lilith, patron of abortions" [Oxen] "HORNBLOWER (In ephod and huntingcap, announces.) And he shall carry the sins of the people to Azazel, the spirit which is in the wilderness, and to Lilith, the nighthag." [Circe]

c2000 BC? Mesopotamians using incense in religious rituals

"Rather stale smell that incense leaves next day. Like foul flowerwater." [Calypso] "(From the suttee pyre the flame of gum camphire ascends. The pall of incense smoke screens and disperses." [Circe] "The truncated conical crater summit of the diminutive volcano emitted a vertical and serpentine fume redolent of aromatic oriental incense." [Ithaca]

c1800 BC? supposed date of biblical patriarchs (possibly not composed until c500 BC) [quotes]

c1450 BC? first Egyptian use of Ka-n-'-na for Canaan [cite] [cite]

"the honeymilk of Canaan's land" [Oxen]

c1400: Egyptians ceremonially anoint mayor-kings of subject-cities

"MICHAEL, ARCHBISHOP OF ARMAGH (Pours a cruse of hairoil over Bloom's head.) Gaudium magnum annuntio vobis. Habemus carneficem. Leopold, Patrick, Andrew, David, George, be thou anointed!" [Circe]

c1400-1200 BC: supposed date of Moses and exodus (possibly not composed until c500 BC) [quotes]

c1300 BC (speculative): Jewish hooked nose may have been inherited from Hittites [cite]

"One of the bottlenosed fraternity it was" [Cyclops]

c1100 BC: supposed date of shibboleth story in Judges [info] [KJV]

"BLOOM... (He murmurs vaguely the pass of Ephraim.) Shitbroleeth." [Circe]

no-date: ceremonial blowing of ram's horn (shofar)

"(The rams' horns sound for silence." [Circe]

c1000 BC: Canaanite altars with horns

"A choir gives back menace and echo, assisting about the altar's horns" [Proteus]

c1000 BC: divergent alphabets for aramaic, hebrew, and phoenician [info] [fonts] [chart] [tree] [more] Old Hebrew Script [alphabet] [evolution]

"BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah Tephilim Kosher Yom Kippur Hanukah Roschaschana Beni Brith Bar Mitzvah Mazzoth Askenazim Meshuggah Talith." [Circe] "He crossed Townsend street, passed the frowning face of Bethel. El, yes: house of: Aleph, Beth." [Lotus] "Bloom in turn wrote the Hebrew characters ghimel, aleph, daleth and (in the absence of mem) a substituted qoph" [Ithaca] "What points of contact existed between these languages and between the peoples who spoke them? The presence of guttural sounds, diacritic aspirations, epenthetic and servile letters in both languages" [Ithaca]

c1000 BC: supposed date of twelve tribes (possibly not conceived until c500 BC)

"Martin Cunningham nudged Mr Power. --Of the tribe of Reuben, he said." [Hades] "And there sat with him the high sinhedrim of the twelve tribes of Iar, for every tribe one man" [Cyclops]

c1000 BC: supposed date of King David (narratives possibly not composed until c500 BC)

"David's tip from the stable to his chief bassoonist about the alrightness of his almightiness" [Circe]

David supposedly used ephod for divination

"HORNBLOWER (In ephod and huntingcap..." [Circe]

c870 BC (factual?): Ahab of Israel marries Jezebel, daughter of king of Tyre?

"Hast thou found me, O mine enemy?" [Scylla]

c850 BC: supposed date of prophet Elijah in Israel [cite] [quotes]

c840 BC: Jehu king of Israel

"But, as he confidently anticipated, there was not a sign of a Jehu plying for hire anywhere to be seen" [Eumeus]

c700 BC: prophet Isaiah? [quotes]

650 BC: children still being sacrificed at Tophet

"And as no man knows the ubicity of his tumulus nor to what processes we shall thereby be ushered nor whether to Tophet or to Edenville" [Oxen]

622 BC: Josiah's Deuteronomical reforms include institution of Passover? [quotes]

c600 BC (speculative): Jews learn seven day week from Babylonians?

"the maleficent influence of the presabbath" [Ithaca] "the sanctity of the sabbath" [Ithaca]

597 BC: start of Babylonian captivity

"The oldest people. Wandered far away over all the earth, captivity to captivity" [Calypso]

c550 BC: Book of Leviticus mentions Azazel, perhaps based on Canaanite god 'Asiz [jbr188] also forbids cutting earlocks [info] defines laws of clean/unclean [quotes]

c500? Book of Numbers [quotes]

c460 BC: Malachi the prophet [quotes]

c400 BC: Ezra edits/composes Torah (Pentateuch, implausibly attributed to Moses)

"Bygmester Finnegan, of the Stuttering Hand, freemen's maurer, lived in the broadest way immarginable in his rushlit toofarback for messuages before joshuan judges had given us numbers or Helviticus committed deuteronomy (one yeastyday he sternely struxk his tete in a tub for to watsch the future of his fates but ere he swiftly stook it out again, by the might of moses, the very water was eviparated and all the guenneses had met their exodus so that ought to show you what a pentschanjeuchy chap he was!)" [fw004]

marriage with non-Jews forbidden?

"Jews, whom christians tax with avarice, are of all races the most given to intermarriage." [Scylla]

no-date: earliest Yom Kippur

"I'd like to see them do the black fast Yom Kippur." [Lestryg] "Yom Kippur fast spring cleaning of inside." [Lestryg] "BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah Tephilim Kosher Yom Kippur..." [Circe]

c300 BC: first written version of haggadah [cite]

"Poor papa with his hagadah book" [Eolus] "BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah..." [Circe]

c285 BC: Greek translation of Hebrew Bible, 'Septuagint' [info]

"This tenebrosity of the interior, he proceeded to say, hath not been illumined by the wit of the septuagint" [Oxen]

c250 BC: possible date for Song of Solomon [quotes]

c200 BC: possible date for Psalms [timeline] (maybe 600 BC?) [quotes]

c200 BC: Book of Susannah [etext]

"J.J. O'MOLLOY A Daniel did I say?" [Circe]

185 BC: Hindu depiction of prayer-beads (cf rosary) [cite]

164 BC: 25Dec: first Hanukkah

"BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah Tephilim Kosher Yom Kippur Hanukah..." [Circe]

c150 BC (speculative): Jewish court 'Sanhedrin' formed in imitation of Greeks [info]

"And there sat with him the high sinhedrim of the twelve tribes of Iar, for every tribe one man" [Cyclops]

132 BC: Ecclesiasticus [etext]

"In the mild breezes of the west and of the east the lofty trees wave in different directions their first class foliage, the wafty sycamore, the Lebanonian cedar, the exalted planetree, the eugenic eucalyptus [24:16]" [Cyclops]

114 BC: Purim (after Book of Esther: quotes) first celebrated in Egypt [rdv517]

c4 BC: birth of Yeshua/Jesus

"...And the Saviour was a jew and his father was a jew... Your God was a jew. Christ was a jew like me." [Cyclops] "The Hidden Life of Christ (black boards)." [Ithaca]

20s AD: Jesus baptised by John the Baptist [dating]

"Had Bloom and Stephen been baptised, and where and by whom, cleric or layman?
Bloom (three times) by the reverend Mr Gilmer Johnston M.A., alone, in the protestant church of Saint Nicholas Without, Coombe, by James O'Connor, Philip Gilligan and James Fitzpatrick, together, under a pump in the village of Swords, and by the reverend Charles Malone C.C., in the church of the Three Patrons, Rathgar. Stephen (once) by the reverend Charles Malone, C.C., alone, in the church of the Three Patrons, Rathgar." [Ithaca]

no-date: use of Hebrew 'amen' by Jesus establishes precedent [cite] [debate]

"--Amen! was responded from the doorway." [Scylla] "--Se el yilo nebrakada femininum! Amor me solo! Sanktus! Amen." [WRocks] "[song lyrics:] I hold this house. Amen. He gnashed in fury. Traitors swing." [Sirens] "...God bless all here is my prayer. --Amen, says the citizen." [Cyclops] "And all the people shall say, Amen." [Oxen] "Through yerd our lord, Amen." [Oxen] "FATHER COFFEY (Yawns, then chants with a hoarse croak.) Namine. Jacobs Vobiscuits. Amen." [Circe] "VIRAG... (He sneezes.) Amen!" [Circe] "THE NYMPH... Wait, Satan. You'll sing no more lovesongs. Amen. Amen. Amen. Amen." [Circe]

c30 AD: Jesus performs healings; crucified

twelve apostles

"The Apostles observed the Jewish custom of praying at midnight, terce, sext, none (Acts, x, 3, 9; xvi, 25; etc.). The Christian prayer of that time consisted of almost the same elements as the Jewish: recital or chanting of psalms, reading of the Old Testament" [Cath]

40s AD: Paul [map] [opponents] [quotes]

likeliest authentically-Pauline [qv] letters: 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Romans, Philippians, and Philemon

Ananias is Jewish high priest

"in the course of a happy speech, freely translated by the British chaplain, the reverend Ananias Praisegod Barebones" [Cyclops] "Unusual polysyllables of foreign origin she interpreted phonetically or by false analogy or by both: metempsychosis (met him pike hoses), alias (a mendacious person mentioned in sacred scripture)." [Ithaca]

no-date: bishops, presbyters, and deacons emerging as basic ecclesiastic 'orders'; bishops addressed as 'papa'

no-date: church rejects capital punishment, infanticide and abortion, female clergy, sex outside marriage; but clergy allowed to marry [oihc39]

Gerty: "there ought to be women priests that would understand without your telling out" [Nausikaa]

"Fifteen children he had. Birth every year almost. That's in their theology or the priest won't give the poor woman the confession, the absolution. Increase and multiply. Did you ever hear such an idea? Eat you out of house and home. No families themselves to feed." [Lestryg] "procreating function ever irrevocably enjoined" [Oxen] "according as men do with wives which Phenomenon has commanded them to do by the book Law" [Oxen]

Dominus Flevit inscriptions? [pix&info]

no-date: Didache [JDC] recommends Lord's Prayer three times a day, baptism in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit [cite]

no-date: sacrament of communion

"That woman at midnight mass. Seventh heaven. Women knelt in the benches with crimson halters round their necks, heads bowed. A batch knelt at the altar rails. The priest went along by them, murmuring, holding the thing in his hands. He stopped at each, took out a communion, shook a drop or two (are they in water?) off it and put it neatly into her mouth." [Lotus] "Rum idea: eating bits of a corpse." [Lotus] "Ghoul! Chewer of corpses!" [Telem]

62 AD: death of James [info]

c70 AD: apostle Andrew crucified on x-shaped cross [info]

"BLOOM (In an oatmeal sporting suit, a sprig of woodbine in the lapel, tony buff shirt, shepherd's plaid Saint Andrew's cross scarftie, white spats, fawn dustcoat on his arm, tawny red brogues, fieldglasses in bandolier and a grey billycock hat.)" [Circe]

79 AD: Pompeii altar with cross [cite]

"Where was that ad some Birmingham firm the luminous crucifix?" [Lestryg] "the cross at Monasterboice" [Cyclops] "Round his neck hangs a rosary of corks ending on his breast in a corkscrew cross." [Circe]

c85 AD: Christian church and Jewish synagogue finally separate [oihc41]

c90 AD: Book of Revelation [quotes]

c110 AD: first mention of Antichrist in 1 John [quotes]

117 AD: death of Dion Chrysostomos

"Chrysostomos." [Telem]

c125 AD: gnostic Marcion, favoring Paul, tries to eliminate all Old-Testament thinking from New Testament [oihc29]

135 AD: Romans expel Jews from Jerusalem

"--They sinned against the light, Mr Deasy said gravely. And you can see the darkness in their eyes. And that is why they are wanderers on the earth to this day." [Nestor]

no-date: Gospel of Nicodemus [etext]

"This tenebrosity of the interior, he proceeded to say, hath not been illumined by the wit of the septuagint nor so much as mentioned for the Orient from on high Which brake hell's gates visited a darkness that was foraneous." [Oxen]

c150 AD: Christians abstain from meat on Fridays [cite]

"BLOOM Fish and taters. N.g. Ah" [Circe]

150 AD: earliest mention of 'son of Panther' rumor (Origen's Contra Celsum)

"VIRAG... Verfluchte Goim! He had a father, forty fathers. He never existed. Pig God! He had two left feet. He was Judas Iacchia, a Libyan eunuch, the pope's bastard. (He leans out on tortured forepaws, elbows bent rigid, his eye agonising in his flat skullneck and yelps over the mute world.) A son of a whore. Apocalypse." [Circe]

c150 AD: gnostic Cainites paint Judas as hero/Bacchus

"VIRAG... He was Judas Iacchia, a Libyan eunuch, the pope's bastard." [Circe]

c150-c215: Clement of Alexandria

c160-c225: Tertullian notes sign-of-cross ritual (on foreheads, then), earliest written form of Apostles' Creed [cite]

"Buck Mulligan made way for him [a priest] to scramble past and, glancing at Haines and Stephen, crossed himself piously with his thumbnail at brow and lips and breastbone." [Telem] "Those crawthumpers, now that's a good name for them, there's always something shiftylooking about them... All crossed themselves and stood up." [Lotus] "Father Conmee read in secret Pater and Ave and crossed his breast." [WRocks] "FLORRY (sinking into torpor, crossing herself secretly)" [Circe]

166: death of Valentine (material world created by demonic Demiurge)

"A horde of heresies fleeing with mitres awry: Photius and the brood of mockers of whom Mulligan was one, and Arius, warring his life long upon the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, and Valentine, spurning Christ's terrene body, and the subtle African heresiarch Sabellius who held that the Father was Himself His own Son." [Telem]

preference of Christian scribes for codex over scroll [article]

c185-c254: Origen

c195: Victor, bishop of Rome, unsuccessfully threatens excommunication if Asian churches continue to celebrate Easter using Jewish calendar [oihc36]

c200: two or three days of fasting before Easter [cite]

200-500: Jewish Talmud compiled

"he slept on the floor half the night naked the way the jews used when somebody dies belonged to them" [Penelope]

c218: Apostolic Tradition written by st Hippolytus, mentions different hours of prayer [cite]

237? (or 283, or 451) martyrdom of Ursula (cf U1.140) professional virgin

c250: clergy starting to wear black (or white) [oihc34]

"An elderly man [a priest] shot up near the spur of rock a blowing red face. He scrambled up by the stones, water glistening on his pate and on its garland of grey hair, water rilling over his chest and paunch and spilling jets out of his black sagging loincloth." [Telem]

c250: prayer hours now number six: morning, three daytime hours, evening, and night [cite]

c250: Mani opposes bread and wine, and making sign of cross

c250? Sabellius maintains that Father, Son and Holy Spirit are aspects of one thing

"A horde of heresies fleeing with mitres awry: Photius and the brood of mockers of whom Mulligan was one, and Arius, warring his life long upon the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, and Valentine, spurning Christ's terrene body, and the subtle African heresiarch Sabellius who held that the Father was Himself His own Son." [Telem]

c250: Fabian elected bishop in Rome when a dove settles on his head [oihc35]

"(Stephen, flourishing the ashplant in his left hand, chants with joy the introit for paschal time...)
STEPHEN Vidi aquam egredientem de templo a latere dextro. Alleluia... (Altius aliquantulum.) Et omnes ad quos pervenit aqua ista." [Circe]

250: Trajanus Decius persecutes Christians briefly

251-356: st Antony

252: plague in Carthage, bishop Cyprian sets his flock to nursing the sick [oihc39]

"BLOOM... (He kisses the bedsores of a palsied veteran.) Honourable wounds!" [Circe]

256-336: Arius suggests Holy Spirit created by (and inferior to) the Son who was created by (and inferior to) the Father

"A horde of heresies fleeing with mitres awry: Photius and the brood of mockers of whom Mulligan was one, and Arius, warring his life long upon the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, and Valentine, spurning Christ's terrene body, and the subtle African heresiarch Sabellius who held that the Father was Himself His own Son." [Telem]

c290-346: Pachomius

c300: martyrdom of Saint Vitus [info]

"(A deafmute idiot with goggle eyes, his shapeless mouth dribbling, jerks past, shaken in Saint Vitus' dance" [Circe]

313: Constantine's Edict of Milan promises state protection to Christians

325: Nicene Creed [Cath] [info]

• Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria designated as patriarchates
• metropolitans granted veto in election of bishops
• Lent extended to 40 days? [cite]

"I mean, a believer in the narrow sense of the word. Creation from nothing and miracles and a personal God." [Telem] "The proud potent titles clanged over Stephen's memory the triumph of their brazen bells: et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam ecclesiam: the slow growth and change of rite and dogma like his own rare thoughts, a chemistry of stars." [Telem]

330-395: Gregory of Nyssa first describes Jews as 'Christ-killers': "Slayers of the lord, murderers of the prophets, adversaries of god, haters of god, men who show contempt for the law, foes of grace, enemies of the father's faith, advocates of the devil, brood of vipers, slanderers, scoffers, men whose minds are in darkness, leaven of the Pharisees, assembly of demons, sinners, wicked men, stoners and haters of righteousness." [cite]

"--They sinned against the light, Mr Deasy said gravely. And you can see the darkness in their eyes." [Nestor] "Sinned against the light and even now that day is at hand when he shall come to judge the world by fire." [Oxen]

c330: Constantinople and Jerusalem added as patriarchates [oihc35]

336: Arius dies in public toilet

"Where is poor dear Arius to try conclusions? Warring his life long on the contransmagnificandjewbangtantiality. Illstarred heresiarch! In a Greek watercloset he breathed his last: euthanasia. With beaded mitre and with crozier, stalled upon his throne, widower of a widowed see, with upstiffed omophorion, with clotted hinderparts." [Proteus] "STEPHEN... But beware Antisthenes, the dog sage, and the last end of Arius Heresiarchus. The agony in the closet." [Circe]

345-407: St John Chrysostomos, patriarch of Constantinople: "Jews are the most worthless of men-- they are lecherous, greedy, rapacious-- they are perfidious murderers of Christians, they worship the devil, their religion is a sickness... The Jews are the odious assassins of Christ and for killing god there is no expiation, no indulgence, no pardon. Christians may never cease vengeance. The Jews must live in servitude forever. It is incumbent on all Christians to hate the Jews." [cite]

"Chrysostomos." [Telem]

346-399: Evagrius of Pontus

c350: early form of Gloria Patri (Glory Be) [cite]

354-430: Augustine of Hippo [Cath] [essay] ditto

c359: codification of Jewish calendar [cite]

367: canon of Athanasius [info] [more]

c400? growing importance of celibacy for clergy [oihc40]

c400: Liturgy of the Hours adds Prime and Compline [Cath]

c400: fancy dress of Roman aristocrats inspires ecclesiastical vestments [oihc34]

"His Eminence Simon Stephen Cardinal Dedalus, primate of all Ireland, appears in the doorway, dressed in red soutane, sandals and socks." [Circe]

431: Council of Ephesus declares Mary as 'god-bearer'; early version of Angelic Salutation "Holy Mary Mother of God, pray for us sinners" [cite]

432: mission of st Patrick

"Bloom assented covertly to Stephen's rectification of the anachronism involved in assigning the date of the conversion of the Irish nation to christianity from druidism by Patrick son of Calpornus, son of Potitus, son of Odyssus, sent by pope Celestine I in the year 432 in the reign of Leary to the year 260 or thereabouts in the reign of Cormac MacArt ( 266 A.D.), suffocated by imperfect deglutition of aliment at Sletty and interred at Rossnaree." [Ithaca] "Harsh gargoyle face that warred against me over our mess of hash of lights in rue Saint-André-des-Arts. In words of words for words, palabras. Oisin with Patrick." [Scylla] "nor avoice from afire bellowsed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatrick" [fw003]

c450: first documentation of Introit in Mass [Cath]

"Introibo ad altare Dei." [Telem]

451: dogma of perpetual virginity of Mary [info]

"Fatherhood, in the sense of conscious begetting, is unknown to man. It is a mystical estate, an apostolic succession, from only begetter to only begotten. On that mystery and not on the madonna which the cunning Italian intellect flung to the mob of Europe the church is founded..." [Scylla]

c453-c523: saint Brigid

"S. Bride" [Cyclops] "Brigid's elm in Kildare" [Ithaca]

c480-c543: st Benedict of Spoleto, founded Benedictines

"the monks of Benedict of Spoleto, Carthusians and Camaldolesi, Cistercians and Olivetans, Oratorians and Vallombrosans" [Cyclops]

c500: Dionysius the Areopagite (Pseudo-Dionysius)

500-900: Masoretic text of Hebrew Bible established

"their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells" [Ithaca]

c540: st Benedict compiles monastic breviary: Matins or Vigils, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None or Nones, Vespers, Compline or Complin [cite]

"Father Conmee drew off his gloves and took his rededged breviary out. An ivory bookmark told him the page. Nones. He should have read that before lunch. But lady Maxwell had come. Father Conmee read in secret Pater and Ave and crossed his breast. Deus in adiutorium. He walked calmly and read mutely the nones, walking and reading till he came to Res in Beati immaculati: --Principium verborum tuorum veritas: in eternum omnia iudicia iustitiae tuae. A flushed young man came from a gap of a hedge and after him came a young woman... Father Conmee blessed both gravely and turned a thin page of his breviary. Sin: --Principes persecuti sunt me gratis: et a verbis tuis formidavit cor meum." [WRocks]

543-615: Columbanus, Irish missionary to Europe

"His mother's prostrate body the fiery Columbanus in holy zeal bestrode." [Nestor] "Missionary to Europe after fiery Columbanus. Fiacre and Scotus on their creepystools in heaven spilt from their pintpots, loudlatinlaughing: Euge! Euge!" [Proteus]

544: religious school founded at Clonmacnois

c550: incense made part of liturgy [cite]

"So I carried the boat of incense then at Clongowes." [Telem] "Father Conmee smelt incense on his right hand as he walked." [WRocks] "Through the open window of the church the fragrant incense was wafted" [Nausikaa] "and the perfume of those incense they burned in the church like a kind of waft" [Nausikaa] "and then Father Conroy handed the thurible to Canon O'Hanlon and he put in the incense and censed the Blessed Sacrament" [Nausikaa] "Id like to be embraced by one in his vestments and the smell of incense off him like the pope" [Penelope]

c550: early version of bar mitzvah [cite]

c575: not-yet-pope Gregory moved by beauty of English slaves in Rome, resolves to convert the English [info]

Gregory sometimes called Gregory Goldenmouth? [passim]

"Chrysostomos." [Telem]

c580-662: Maximus the Confessor

c600: early versions of rosary in Ireland, Russia [cite]

"or anon all with fervour reciting the family rosary round the crackling Yulelog" [Circe] "Round his neck hangs a rosary of corks" [Circe] "father Vilaplana of Santa Maria that gave me the rosary" [Penelope]

"The rosaries too, which he said constantly-- for he carried his beads loose in his trousers' pockets that he might tell them as he walked the streets-- transformed themselves into coronals of flowers of such vague unearthly texture that they seemed to him as hueless and odourless as they were nameless." [PoA4]

c650: final form of Gloria Patri (Glory Be) [cite]

"As on the first day he bargained with me here. As it was in the beginning, is now. On the sideboard the tray of Stuart coins, base treasure of a bog: and ever shall be. And snug in their spooncase of purple plush, faded, the twelve apostles having preached to all the gentiles: world without end." [Nestor]

c690: first sale of indulgences in England [cite] forbidden c1560

"besides theres no danger with a priest if youre married hes too careful about himself then give something to H H the pope for a penance" [Penelope]

pre-700: Apostles' Creed finalised [cite]

"He Who Himself begot, middler the Holy Ghost, and Himself sent Himself, Agenbuyer, between Himself and others, Who, put upon by His fiends, stripped and whipped, was nailed like bat to barndoor, starved on crosstree, Who let Him bury, stood up, harrowed hell, fared into heaven and there these nineteen hundred years sitteth on the right hand of His Own Self but yet shall come in the latter day to doom the quick and dead when all the quick shall be dead already." [Scylla] "They believe in rod, the scourger almighty, creator of hell upon earth and in Jacky Tar, the son of a gun, who was conceived of unholy boast, born of the fighting navy, suffered under rump and dozen, was scarified, flayed and curried, yelled like bloody hell, the third day he arose again from the bed, steered into haven, sitteth on his beamend till further orders whence he shall come to drudge for a living and be paid." [Cyclops] "Parson Steve, apostates' creed!" [Oxen]

c700: private confession and penance replaces public [cite]

"I remember slightly. How long since your last mass? ...Confession. Everyone wants to. Then I will tell you all. Penance. Punish me, please. Great weapon in their hands. More than doctor or solicitor." [Lotus] "Birth every year almost. That's in their theology or the priest won't give the poor woman the confession, the absolution." [Lestryg] "she was one of those good souls who had always to be told twice bless you, my child, that they have been absolved, pray for me." [WRocks] "Besides there was absolution so long as you didn't do the other thing before being married and there ought to be women priests that would understand without your telling out" [Nausikaa]

c700: church disapproves of jewelry [cite]

733: possible date for association of St Andrew with Scotland [info]

"BLOOM (In an oatmeal sporting suit, a sprig of woodbine in the lapel, tony buff shirt, shepherd's plaid Saint Andrew's cross scarftie, white spats, fawn dustcoat on his arm, tawny red brogues, fieldglasses in bandolier and a grey billycock hat.)" [Circe]

c750? penitential guides [cite]

"Hail Mary and Holy Mary." [Lotus]

c800: Book of Kells in Ireland (depicts Jesus with two left feet)

"VIRAG... He had two left feet." [Circe] "their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells" [Ithaca]

810-877: John Scotus Erigena

c820: first mention of Agnus Dei (wax disk with lamb) [Cath]

"ELLEN BLOOM... (She hauls up a reef of skirt and ransacks the pouch of her striped blay petticoat. A phial, an Agnus Dei, a shrivelled potato and a celluloid doll fall out.)" [Circe]

863: Photius excommunicated by pope [info]
867: Photius excommunicates pope (leads to Eastern Orthodox schism in 1054)

"A horde of heresies fleeing with mitres awry: Photius and the brood of mockers of whom Mulligan was one, and Arius, warring his life long upon the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, and Valentine, spurning Christ's terrene body, and the subtle African heresiarch Sabellius who held that the Father was Himself His own Son." [Telem]

c900: pre-Vulgate gospels in Garland of Howth

"their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells" [Ithaca]

911: monk Notker observes 'In the midst of life we are in death.' [cite]

"--In the midst of life, Martin Cunningham said." [Hades]

949-1032: Symeon the New Theologian

c1000: Church begins to enforce celibacy for priests [cite]

"Fifteen children he had. Birth every year almost. That's in their theology or the priest won't give the poor woman the confession, the absolution. Increase and multiply. Did you ever hear such an idea? Eat you out of house and home. No families themselves to feed." [Lestryg] "Mansmell, I mean. Must be connected with that because priests that are supposed to be are different." [Nausikaa]

c1000? prayers to Mary replacing paternoster in some areas [cite]

c1000? Jewish calendar switches to 'Creation era' starting from 3761BC rather than Seleucid era starting from 312BC [cite]

"the bissextile year one thousand nine hundred and four of the christian era (jewish era five thousand six hundred and sixtyfour, mohammadan era one thousand three hundred and twentytwo), golden number 5, epact 13, solar cycle 9, dominical letters C B, Roman indication 2, Julian period 6617, MXMIV." [Ithaca]

no-date: Jews required to wear yellow habit, dunce-caps instead of skullcaps? [cite]

"BROTHER BUZZ (Invests Bloom in a yellow habit with embroidery of painted flames and high pointed hat." [Circe] "the proscription of their national costumes in penal laws and jewish dress acts" [Ithaca]

1014-1054: Blessed Herman writes Salve Regina (Hail Holy Queen): "to you we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping in this valley of tears"

"O Name Ineffable, proud Name to whom the cries ascend From lost, angelical orders, seraph flame to flame" [PSW83, c1901?] "A long curving gallery: from the floor arise [ascend] pillars of dark vapours. It is peopled by the images of fabulous kings, set in stone. Their hands are folded upon their knees, in token of weariness, and their eyes are darkened for the errors of men go up before them for ever as dark vapours." [epiph] "They are sadder than all tears; Their lives ascend as a continual sigh." [CMxix] "He knelt to say his penance, praying in a corner of the dark nave: and his prayers ascended to heaven from his purified heart like perfume streaming upwards from a heart of white rose." [PoA3] "But the trees in Stephen's Green were fragrant of rain and the rainsodden earth gave forth its mortal odour, a faint incense rising upward through the mould from many hearts." [PoA5]

1034: Anselm's Scholasticism [history]

1054: schism of eastern and western churches [info]

c1080: Gregory VII's simplified liturgy called 'Breviary' [Cath]

"Father Conmee drew off his gloves and took his rededged breviary out." [WRocks]

1090-1153: st Bernard of Clairvaux

1098-1179: Hildegard of Bingen

c1100: Book of the Dun Cow includes elegy on st. Columcille

"their archaeological, genealogical, hagiographical, exegetical, homilectic, toponomastic, historical and religious literatures comprising the works of rabbis and culdees, Torah, Talmud (Mischna and Ghemara), Massor, Pentateuch, Book of the Dun Cow, Book of Ballymote, Garland of Howth, Book of Kells" [Ithaca]

c1120-1173: Richard of St Victor

c1122-1156: Bernard of Cluny, wrote 'Jerusalem the Golden'

"Yea, on the word of a Bloom, ye shall ere long enter into the golden city which is to be" [Circe]

1123: first Lateran Council approves moneylending by Jews? [passim] priests must be celibate?

"The christian laws which built up the hoards of the jews (for whom, as for the lollards, storm was shelter) bound their affections too with hoops of steel." [Scylla]

1126-1198: Averroes (attempts to reconcile Aristotle with Islam)
1135-1204: Moses Maimonides (attempts to reconcile Aristotle with Judaism)

"Averroes and Moses Maimonides, dark men in mien and movement, flashing in their mocking mirrors the obscure soul of the world, a darkness shining in brightness which brightness could not comprehend." [Nestor] "bigness wrought by... peradventure in her bath according to the opinions of Averroes and Moses Maimonides." [Oxen]

1144: Jews in Norwich, England accused of kidnapping a Christian baby and draining its blood (first 'blood libel') [cite]

"It's the blood sinking in the earth gives new life. Same idea those jews they said killed the christian boy." [Hades]

1145-1202: Joachim Abbas (predicts third age will start in 1260)

"Beauty is not there. Nor in the stagnant bay of Marsh's library where you read the fading prophecies of Joachim Abbas." [Proteus]

1156: Bertrand of Limoges founds Carmelite order

c1180: Moses Maimonides writes Misbneh Tarab (talmudic law) [cite] Jews should charge interest to gentiles but not to other Jews [see P198] [modern]

"[re Reuben J Dodd] --We have all been there, Martin Cunningham said broadly. His eyes met Mr Bloom's eyes. He caressed his beard, adding: --Well, nearly all of us." [Hades]

1181-1226: saint Francis [Franciscans]

"A coffin bumped out onto the road. Burst open. Paddy Dignam shot out and rolling over stiff in the dust in a brown habit too large for him." [Hades]

1198: Bishop Ordo of Siliac during the Synod, required the clergy make sure that not only was the Apostles' Creed and the Pater Noster being recited but to add the Ave Maria [cite]

"Father Conmee read in secret Pater and Ave and crossed his breast." [WRocks]

c1200: start of tradition of singing evening canticles ('Laude') before statue of Mary [Cath] evolved into Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament

"It was the men's temperance retreat conducted by the missioner, the reverend John Hughes S.J., rosary, sermon and benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament." [Nausikaa] "he put in the incense and censed the Blessed Sacrament... and then Canon O'Hanlon handed the thurible back to Father Conroy and knelt down looking up at the Blessed Sacrament and the choir began to sing Tantum ego and she just swung her foot in and out in time as the music rose and fell to the Tantumer gosa cramen tum." [Nausikaa] "Then they sang the second verse of the Tantum ergo and Canon O'Hanlon got up again and censed the Blessed Sacrament... and Canon O'Hanlon stood up with his cope poking up at his neck and Father Conroy handed him the card to read off and he read out Panem de coelo praestitisti eis" [Nausikaa] "Canon O'Hanlon was up on the altar with the veil round him that Father Conroy put round his shoulders giving the benediction with the blessed Sacrament in his hands." [Nausikaa] "Canon O'Hanlon put the Blessed Sacrament back into the tabernacle and genuflected and the choir sang Laudate Dominum omnes gentes" [Nausikaa]

c1200: paternoster beads popular enough to require craft guilds [cite]

"asking substitutionally to be put wise as to whether paternoster and silver doctors were not now more fancied bait for lobstertrapping" [fw31] "Her secrets: old featherfans, tasselled dancecards powdered with musk, a gaud of amber beads in her locked drawer." [Telem]

c1200: first Beguine settlements (laywomen)

c1200: title 'vicar of Christ' replaces 'successor of Peter' [oihc37]

1200-1268: Beatrijs of Nazareth

1208: st Albert gives Carmelites their 'rule'

c1210-1297: st Mechtild of Magdeburg

1215: Lateran Council under Pope Innocent III requires Catholics confess to parish priest at least once a year [cite]

1216: Dominican order devoted to Mariolatry and rosary

"He looked almost a saint and his confessionbox was so quiet and clean and dark and his hands were just like white wax and if ever she became a Dominican nun in their white habit perhaps he might come to the convent for the novena of Saint Dominic." [Nausikaa]

1221-1274: st Bonaventure

1224-1274: Thomas Aquinas [EB] [Cath] (attempts to reconcile Aristotle with Christianity)

"He willed me and now may not will me away or ever. A lex eterna stays about Him. Is that then the divine substance wherein Father and Son are consubstantial?" [Proteus] "--They tell me on the best authority it is a simple substance and therefore incorruptible. It would be immortal, I understand, but for the possibility of its annihilation by its First Cause, Who, from all I can hear, is quite capable of adding that to the number of His other practical jokes, corruptio per se and corruptio per accidens both being excluded by court etiquette." [Eumeus] "we have the impetuosity of Dante... and Leonardo and san Tommaso Mastino" [Eumeus]

c1240: Blessed Herman Joseph writes first hymn to Sacred Heart [cite]

"Sacred Heart of Mary, where were you at all, at all? " [Circe]

c1250: earliest haggadah-books in Spain [cite]

"Poor papa with his hagadah book, reading backwards with his finger to me." [Eolus]

c1250: Hadewijch of Brabant

1251: revelation of saint Simon Stock [txt]

"KITTY-KATE... I was confirmed by the bishop and enrolled in the brown scapular." [Circe]

1255: little saint Hugh of Lincoln supposedly crucified by Jews at age nine [Cath]

"Little Harry Hughes and his schoolfellows all Went out for to play ball. And the very first ball little Harry Hughes played He drove it o'er the jew's garden wall. And the very second ball little Harry Hughes played He broke the jew's windows all..." [continues] [Ithaca]

1260-1327: Meister Eckhart

1265-1321: Dante Alighieri [bio"es]

1285-1349: Dan Occam

"And at the same instant perhaps a priest round the corner is elevating it. Dringdring! And two streets off another locking it into a pyx. Dringadring! And in a ladychapel another taking housel all to his own cheek. Dringdring! Down, up, forward, back. Dan Occam thought of that, invincible doctor. A misty English morning the imp hypostasis tickled his brain. Bringing his host down and kneeling he heard twine with his second bell the first bell in the transept (he is lifting his) and, rising, heard (now I am lifting) their two bells (he is kneeling) twang in diphthong." [Proteus]

1290: Jews expelled from England

1293-1381: Jan van Ruusbroec

1295-1366: Henry Suso

1295: Boniface VIII names Gregory, Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome as 'doctors' of the early church

"The doctors of the church: they mapped out the whole theology of it." [Lotus]

1296-1359: Gregory of Palamas

c1300: start of tradition of exposing host for veneration [Cath]

c1300: full tradition of Bar Mitzvah [cite]

"BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah Tephilim Kosher Yom Kippur Hanukah Roschaschana Beni Brith Bar Mitzvah..." [Circe]

c1300-1341: Richard Rolle

c1300-1361: Johannes Tauler

1310: death of Marguerite Porete, author of 'Mirror of Simple Souls'

1318: John XXII approves (already popular) angelus at dusk; first mention of morning angelus [Cath]

"Behold the handmaid of the moon." [Proteus] "well soon have the nuns ringing the angelus" [Penelope]

The Cloud of Unknowing by Anon.

1340: Dan Michel translates French religious manual into Middle English as "Ayenbite of Inwyt" [etext]

"Agenbite of inwit" [Telem] "Agenbite of inwit." [Scylla] "Himself sent Himself, Agenbuyer, between Himself and others" [Scylla] "She is drowning. Agenbite. Save her. Agenbite. All against us. She will drown me with her, eyes and hair. Lank coils of seaweed hair around me, my heart, my soul. Salt green death. We. Agenbite of inwit. Inwit's agenbite. Misery! Misery!" [WRocks] "No question but her name is puissant who aventried the dear corse of our Agenbuyer, Healer and Herd" [Oxen]

1340-1396: Walter Hilton

1342-c1423: Julian of Norwich

1347-1380: st Catherine of Siena

c1380: Lollard movement founded [cite]

"His look went from brooder's beard to carper's skull, to remind, to chide them not unkindly, then to the baldpink lollard costard, guiltless though maligned." [Scylla]

1427: St Bernard of Siena popularises "Ave Maria Sancta Maria, mater Dei, ora pro nobis" (Hail Mary, Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us) [cite]

"I thought the heavens were coming down about us to punish us when I blessed myself and said a Hail Mary" [Penelope]

1431-1447: Pope Eugenius IV relaxes 1208 Carmelite rule (shoes allowed = 'calced')

"and therewith from Carmel mount the children of Elijah prophet led by Albert bishop and by Teresa of Avila, calced and other" [Cyclops] "Devil of a job it was collecting accounts of those convents. Tranquilla convent. That was a nice nun there, really sweet face. Wimple suited her small head. Sister? Sister? I am sure she was crossed in love by her eyes. Very hard to bargain with that sort of woman. I disturbed her at her devotions that morning. But glad to communicate with the outside world. Our great day, she said. Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel." [Lestryg] "THE NYMPH (Eyeless, in nun's white habit, coif and hugewinged wimple, softly, with remote eyes.) Tranquilla convent. Sister Agatha. Mount Carmel." [Circe]

1447-1510: st Catherine of Genoa

1463-1494: Pico della Mirandola [Cath]

"Remember your epiphanies on green oval leaves, deeply deep, copies to be sent if you died to all the great libraries of the world, including Alexandria? Someone was to read them there after a few thousand years, a mahamanvantara. Pico della Mirandola like." [Proteus]

1470: Blessed Alanus encourages people to pray in groups [cite]

"It was the men's temperance retreat conducted by the missioner, the reverend John Hughes S.J., rosary, sermon and benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament." [Nausikaa] "or anon all with fervour reciting the family rosary round the crackling Yulelog" [Circe]

1483-1546: Martin Luther [etexts] [bio]

1483: Jews exiled from Andalusia [cite]

"--Jews, he softly imparted in an aside in Stephen's ear, are accused of ruining. Not a vestige of truth in it, I can safely say. History-- would you be surprised to learn?-- proves up to the hilt Spain decayed when the Inquisition hounded the jews out..." [Eumeus]

1491: Ignatius of Loyola born (d1556) [Cath]

"Although his morals were far from stainless, Ignatius was in his early years a proud rather than sensual man. He stood just under five feet two inches in height and had in his youth an abundance of hair of a reddish tint. He delighted in music, especially sacred hymns... The version of the lives of the saints he was reading contained prologues to the various lives by a Cistercian monk who conceived the service of God as a holy chivalry. This view of life profoundly moved and attracted Ignatius." [EB]

1492-1503: Rodrigo Borgia serves as Pope Alexander VI [pic&info] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [coin]

"The plump shadowed face and sullen oval jowl recalled a prelate, patron of arts in the middle ages." [Telem]

1495: Alexander VI urges the faithful to pray the Rosary [cite]

c1510: Benedictine liqueur invented by Dom Bernardo Vincelli in the Abbey of Fecamp [info]

"They had a gay old time while it lasted. Healthy too chanting, regular hours, then brew liqueurs. Benedictine. Green Chartreuse." [Lotus]

1515-1582: st Teresa of Avila

1517: Luther posts 95 Theses

"STEPHEN (Over his shoulder to Zoe.) You would have preferred the fighting parson who founded the protestant error." [Circe]

1522: Ignatius writes "Spiritual Exercises", an adaptation of the Gospels that he used as a manual in the spiritual retreats he gave [EB]

"Composition of place. Ignatius Loyola, make haste to help me!" [Scylla]

1525: Capuchins founded as branch of Franciscans

"What counsel has the hooded moon... A sage that is but kith and kin With the comedian Capuchin?" [CMxii]

"He went every Sunday evening to the church of the Capuchins whither he had once carried the disgraceful burden of his sins to be eased of it. He was not offended by the processions of artizans and labourers round the church and the sermons of the priests were grateful to him inasmuch as the speakers did not seem inclined to make much use of their rhetorical and elocutionary training nor anxious to reveal themselves, in theory, at least, men of the world. He thought, in an Assisan mood, that these men might be nearer to his purpose than others: and one evening while talking with a Capuchin, he had over and over to restrain an impulse which urged him to take the priest by the arm, lead him up and down the chapel-yard and deliver himself boldly of the whole story of The Tables of the Law, every word of which he remembered." [SH ch22]

"A tall figure came down the aisle and the penitents stirred: and at the last moment, glancing up swiftly, he saw a long grey beard and the brown habit of a capuchin." [PoA3] "The director had begun to speak of the dominican and franciscan orders and of the friendship between saint Thomas and saint Bonaventure. The capuchin dress, he thought, was rather too... --I believe, continued the director, that there is some talk now among the capuchins themselves of doing away with it and following the example of the other franciscans... Just imagine when I was in Belgium I used to see them out cycling in all kinds of weather with this thing up about their knees! It was really ridiculous. Les jupes, they call them in Belgium." [PoA4]

1525-1594: Palestrina

"Those old popes were keen on music, on art and statues and pictures of all kinds. Palestrina for example too." [Lotus]

c1530: Melancthon coins 'consubstantiation' to explain Luther's alternative to 'transubstantiation' (of the host)

"Entweder transsubstantiality oder consubstantiality but in no case subsubstantiality." [Oxen]

1533: John Calvin emerges as leading French Protestant (later called Huguenots) [Cath]

"Shakespeare has left the huguenot's house in Silver street and walks by the swanmews along the riverbank." [Scylla] "sending me that long strool of a song out of the Huguenots to sing in French to be more classy" [Penelope] "Not for sale. Hire only. Huguenot." [Circe]

1534: Zurich 'iconoclasts' remove images from churches under influence of Zwingli

1542-1591: st John of the Cross

1543: Ignatius of Loyola founds Jesuit order [EB]

1543: Luther's "The Jews and their Lies" [excerpts]

1545-1563: Council of Trent forbids sale of indulgences

1548-1600: Giordano Bruno

"No man, said the Nolan, can be a lover of the true or the good unless he abhors the multitude; and the artist, though he may employ the crowd, is very careful to isolate himself." [Rab] "a gipsy professor, a commentator of old philosophies and a deviser of new ones, a playwright, a polemist, a counsel for his own defence, and finally, a martyr burned at the stake" [cw133] "the obscure soul of the world" [Nestor] "The hundredheaded rabble of the cathedral close." [Proteus] "And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind: food, chyle, blood, dung, earth, food: have to feed it like stoking an engine." [Lestryg]

1549: 21Jan: official Anglican "Book of Common Prayer" [history] [etext] [links]

"--In the midst of life, Martin Cunningham said." [Hades] "Quicklime fever pit to eat them. Lethal chamber. Ashes to ashes." [Hades]

1551: Council of Trent warns against impure music

1552: Pope Julius III rejects musical purists and chooses polyphonic Palestrina as ?choirmaster

1555: Pope Marcellus II dies after 22 days as pope

1565: debut of Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli makes Catholicism safe for polyphony

"Symbol of the apostles in the mass for pope Marcellus, the voices blended, singing alone loud in affirmation: and behind their chant the vigilant angel of the church militant disarmed and menaced her heresiarchs." [Telem]

1567-1622: st Francis de Sales

1572-1641: st Jeanne de Chantal

1575-1624: Jacob Boehme

"Signatures of all things" [Proteus]

1589: edition of Joachim's prophecies that JAJ would consult 22Oct 1902 [G3.108n]

1594: anti-semitism in London after queen's Jewish physician executed for supposed poisoning plot (may have inspired Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice)

"Shylock chimes with the jewbaiting that followed the hanging and quartering of the queen's leech Lopez, his jew's heart being plucked forth while the sheeny was yet alive" [Scylla]

1605: recipe for Chartreuse liqueur given to Carthusian monastery near Paris by the Marechal d'Estrees [info]

"They had a gay old time while it lasted. Healthy too chanting, regular hours, then brew liqueurs. Benedictine. Green Chartreuse." [Lotus]

1605-1682: sir Thomas Browne

"Assuefaction minorates atrocities (as Tully saith of his darling Stoics)... at last the cavity of a mountain, an occulted sepulchre... the discharge of fluid from the thunderhead" [Oxen] "what name Achilles bore when he lived among women." [Scylla]

1610-1654: mission of st Peter Claver [Cath]

"Sermon by the very reverend John Conmee S.J. on saint Peter Claver and the African mission." [Lotus]

1611-1691: Brother Lawrence

1623-1662: Blaise Pascal

1624-1691: George Fox

1632-1636: Donegal (Ireland) Franciscans compile Annals of the Four Masters

"one can distinctly discern each of the four evangelists in turn presenting to each of the four masters his evangelical symbol" [Cyclops] "They were the big four, the four maaster waves of Erin, all listening, four." [fw383ff]

1636-1674: Thomas Traherne

"whiteheaped corn, orient and immortal" [Proteus]

1648: first feast honoring Heart of Mary [Cath]

"Sacred Heart of Mary, where were you at all, at all? " [Circe]

1648: Herrick writes 'To Anthea: Now is the Time' (never a hymn!) [etext]

"He infinitely preferred the sacred music of the catholic church to anything the opposite shop could offer in that line such as those Moody and Sankey hymns or Bid me to live and I will live thy protestant to be." [Eumeus]

1653: sanctimonious 'Barebones Parliament' features fanatical Praise-God Barebones (or Barbon)

"in the course of a happy speech, freely translated by the British chaplain, the reverend Ananias Praisegod Barebones..." [Cyclops]

1656: Cromwell unofficially authorises readmission of Jews to England [cite]

"--Jews, he softly imparted in an aside in Stephen's ear, are accused of ruining. Not a vestige of truth in it, I can safely say. History-- would you be surprised to learn?-- proves up to the hilt Spain decayed when the Inquisition hounded the jews out and England prospered when Cromwell, an uncommonly able ruffian, who, in other respects, has much to answer for, imported them. Why? Because they are imbued with the proper spirit. They are practical and are proved to be so." [Eumeus] "But with what fitness, let it be asked of the noble lord, his patron, has this alien, whom the concession of a gracious prince has admitted to civic rights, constituted himself the lord paramount of our internal polity?" [Oxen]

1656: 24Jul: Spinoza excommunicated from Jewish community of Amsterdam [etext] [context] [bio]

"--Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza. And the Saviour was a jew and his father was a jew... Your God was a jew. Christ was a jew like me." [Cyclops]

1662: revised Book of Common Prayer [etext]

1675: Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress"

"But was young Boasthard's fear vanquished by Calmer's words?" [Oxen] "Kind Kristyann wil yu help yung man" [Oxen]

1682: Christian Brothers founded [Cath]

"A sugarsticky girl shovelling scoopfuls of creams for a christian brother." [Lestryg] "I was never one of your bright ones, he added with a half laugh. Got stuck twice in the junior at the Christian Brothers." [Eumeus]

"--I never liked the idea of sending him to the christian brothers myself, said Mrs Dedalus. --Christian brothers be damned! said Mr Dedalus. Is it with Paddy Stink and Micky Mud?" [PoA2]

1685-1753: George Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne

1686-1761: William Law

1703-1791: John Wesley

1713: Jonathan Swift becomes dean of St Patrick's

1717: first known Masonic Lodge in London [mbb39]

"till the jesuits found out he was a freemason" [Penelope]

1723: Jews permitted to give evidence in English courts [G14.906]

1743-1812: Meyer Amschel Rothschild founds banking dynasty ("male descendants for at least two generations generally married first cousins or even nieces; Rothschild's five sons, established at branches in Vienna, London, Naples and Paris as well as Frankfort, cooperated together in ways which other international banking dynasties copied but rarely excelled." cite) [more]

"(Bloom embraces her tightly and bears eight male yellow and white children. They appear on a redcarpeted staircase adorned with expensive plants. All the octuplets are handsome, with valuable metallic faces, wellmade, respectably dressed and wellconducted, speaking five modern languages fluently and interested in various arts and sciences. Each has his name printed in legible letters on his shirtfront: Nasodoro, Goldfinger, Chrysostomos, Maindorée, Silversmile, Silberselber Vifargent, Panargyros. They are immediately appointed to positions of high public trust in several different countries as managing directors of banks, traffic managers of railways, chairmen of limited liability companies, vicechairmen of hotel syndicates.)" [Circe]

1753: England grants Jews the right of naturalisation [G14.906]

1756-1791: Mozart

"Some of that old sacred music is splendid. Mercadante: seven last words. Mozart's twelfth mass: the Gloria in that." [Lotus]

1757-1827: William Blake [quotes&links]

1764: milder 'green' Chartreuse developed [info]

"They had a gay old time while it lasted. Healthy too chanting, regular hours, then brew liqueurs. Benedictine. Green Chartreuse." [Lotus]

1782: Philokalia published

1790: France grants citizenship to Jews [cite]

1791-1864: Meyerbeer was Jewish contemporary of non-Jew Mercadante and converted-Jew Mendelssohn (so perhaps confused by Bloom with Mercadante?) [bio]

"--Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza." [Cyclops]

1792-1868: Rossini

"Molly was in fine voice that day, the Stabat Mater of Rossini." [Lotus] "He also yielded to none in his admiration of Rossini's Stabat Mater, a work simply abounding in immortal numbers" [Eumeus]

1795-1870: Mercadante (not Jewish)

"Some of that old sacred music is splendid. Mercadante: seven last words." [Lotus] "--Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza." [Cyclops]

1802: Christian Brothers of Ireland founded

"...and the confraternity of the christian brothers led by the reverend brother Edmund Ignatius Rice" [Cyclops]

1809: London Society for the Promoting of Christianity Amongst the Jews

"the Irish (protestant) church (to which his father Rudolf Virag (later Rudolph Bloom) had been converted from the Israelitic faith and communion in 1865 by the Society for promoting Christianity among the jews)" [Ithaca] "They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight. Society over the way papa went to for the conversion of poor jews. Same bait. Why we left the church of Rome?" [Lestryg]

1816: Mendelssohn's father converts family (incl 7yo Felix) from Judaism to Christianity [cite]

"--Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza." [Cyclops]

1818-1893: Gounod

"after I sang Gounods Ave Maria" [Penelope]

1818: Rothschilds gain foothold in France by bond-trading? [cite]

"On the steps of the Paris stock exchange the goldskinned men quoting prices on their gemmed fingers. Gabbles of geese. They swarmed loud, uncouth, about the temple, their heads thickplotting under maladroit silk hats. Not theirs: these clothes, this speech, these gestures. Their full slow eyes belied the words, the gestures eager and unoffending, but knew the rancours massed about them and knew their zeal was vain. Vain patience to heap and hoard. Time surely would scatter all. A hoard heaped by the roadside: plundered and passing on. Their eyes knew their years of wandering and, patient, knew the dishonours of their flesh." [Nestor]

1824: Karl Marx's father converts family (incl 6yo Karl) from Judaism to Lutheranism

"--Mendelssohn was a jew and Karl Marx and Mercadante and Spinoza." [Cyclops]

1830: England allows Jews to join civic corporations [G14.906]

1833: England allows Jews to practice law [G14.906]

1833: Newman writes 'Lead Kindly Light' [etext]

"he got me on to sing in the Stabat Mater by going around saying he was putting Lead Kindly Light to music" [Penelope]

1843: B'nai Brith founded in NYC

"BLOOM (Uncloaks impressively, revealing obesity, unrolls a paper and reads solemnly.) Aleph Beth Ghimel Daleth Hagadah Tephilim Kosher Yom Kippur Hanukah Roschaschana Beni Brith..." [Circe]

1844: Marx publishes 'On the Jewish Question' [etext] "From the outset, the Christian was the theorizing Jew, the Jew is, therefore, the practical Christian"

1845: England allows Jews to serve as alderman and mayor [G14.906]

1846-1906: Johann Most

"Brood of mockers: Photius, pseudomalachi, Johann Most. He Who Himself begot, middler the Holy Ghost, and Himself sent Himself, Agenbuyer, between Himself and others, Who, put upon by His fiends, stripped and whipped, was nailed like bat to barndoor, starved on crosstree, Who let Him bury, stood up, harrowed hell, fared into heaven and there these nineteen hundred years sitteth on the right hand of His Own Self but yet shall come in the latter day to doom the quick and dead when all the quick shall be dead already." [Scylla]

1847: potato famine

"Birds' Nest women run him. They say they used to give pauper children soup to change to protestants in the time of the potato blight. Society over the way papa went to for the conversion of poor jews. Same bait. Why we left the church of Rome?" [Lestryg]

1847-1922: Bernard Vaughan

"Father Bernard Vaughan's sermon first. Christ or Pilate?" [Lotus]

c1850: German occult text of 'secret books of Moses'

"--Se el yilo nebrakada femininum! Amor me solo! Sanktus! Amen. Who wrote this? Charms and invocations of the most blessed abbot Peter Salanka to all true believers divulged." [WRocks]

1850: Mosenthal's play 'Deborah' attacks anti-semitism

"By Mosenthal it is. Rachel, is it? No. The scene he was always talking about where the old blind Abraham recognises the voice and puts his fingers on his face. Nathan's voice! His son's voice! I hear the voice of Nathan who left his father to die of grief and misery in my arms, who left the house of his father and left the God of his father." [Lotus] "RUDOLPH... (With feeble vulture talons he feels the silent face of Bloom.) Are you not my son Leopold, the grandson of Leopold? Are you not my dear son Leopold who left the house of his father and left the god of his fathers Abraham and Jacob? BLOOM (With precaution.) I suppose so, father. Mosenthal. All that's left of him." [Circe]

c1850: term 'sheeny' (perhaps from yiddish 'schon' for 'beautiful') used jokingly by Jews for other Jews [cite]

"--The sheeny! Buck Mulligan cried." [Scylla] "... while the sheeny was yet alive" [Scylla] "Vyfor you no me tell? Vel, I ses, if that aint a sheeny nachez, vel, I vil get misha mishinnah." [Oxen]

1854: birth of Leo Taxil

"But he must send me La Vie de Jésus by M. Léo Taxil." [Proteus]

1854: immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary proclaimed as dogma by the pope

1858: Jews allowed to serve in English Parliament [G14.906]

1858: Lourdes apparitions [history]

"Lourdes cure, waters of oblivion" [Lotus] "THE NYMPH... The apparitions of Knock and Lourdes." [Circe]

1858-59: Darwin's theory published

1861: Renan's Life of Jesus [etext]

1862: Daly adapts Mosenthal's 'Deborah' as 'Leah the Forsaken'

"Leah tonight" [Lotus]

1863: Anglican weekly 'Church Times' founded [info]

"Ideal spot to have a quiet smoke and read the Church Times." [Hades]

1865: Dykes sets 'Lead, Kindly Light' to music [cite]

"he got me on to sing in the Stabat Mater by going around saying he was putting Lead Kindly Light to music" [Penelope]

1867: first appearance of 'Ally Sloper' comic, later introduced Jewish stereotype 'Ikey Moses' [info]

"--What's his name? Ikey Moses?" [Scylla] "THE SLUTS AND RAGAMUFFINS... Three cheers for Ikey Mo!" [Circe]

1870: when Moody met Sankey [story]

"He infinitely preferred the sacred music of the catholic church to anything the opposite shop could offer in that line such as those Moody and Sankey hymns..." [Eumeus]

1874: Chiniquy's "The Priest, the Woman, and the Confessional"

"VIRAG... I am the Virag who disclosed the Sex Secrets of Monks and Maidens. Why I left the church of Rome. Read the Priest, the Woman and the Confessional." [Circe]

1874: sir Arthur Sullivan composes 'The Holy City'

"(Outside the gramophone begins to blare The Holy City.)" [Circe]

1878: Christian Mission (founded 1865) changes name to Salvation Army [history]

"Salvation army blatant imitation." [Lotus]

1878: Leo XIII forbids castrating boy sopranos for choir

"Still, having eunuchs in their choir that was coming it a bit thick." [Lotus]

1878: NH Imber writes Zionist (now Israeli) anthem 'Hatikvah'

"Kolod balejwaw pnimah Nefesch, jehudi, homijah." [Ithaca]

1879: Wilhelm Marr's 'The Victory of Judaism over Germanism' first anti-semitic best-seller [G04]

"[Haines:] I don't want to see my country fall into the hands of German jews either. That's our national problem, I'm afraid, just now." [Telem]

1879: Knock apparition [website]

"the Knock apparition, statues bleeding" [Lotus] "THE NYMPH... The apparitions of Knock and Lourdes." [Circe]

1880s: Jewish immigration to Ireland from Lithuania (not the first) [cite]

"--I just wanted to say, he said. Ireland, they say, has the honour of being the only country which never persecuted the jews. Do you know that? No. And do you know why? ...Because she never let them in, Mr Deasy said solemnly." [Nestor]

1882: Maynooth Catechism

"There is, I feel in the words, some goad of the flesh driving him into a new passion, a darker shadow of the first, darkening even his own understanding of himself." [Scylla] "But it was the original sin that darkened his understanding, weakened his will and left in him a strong inclination to evil. The words are those of my lords bishops of Maynooth: an original sin and, like original sin, committed by another in whose sin he too has sinned." [Scylla]

"Dixon... asked young Stephen what was the reason why he had not cided to take friar's vows and he answered him obedience in the womb, chastity in the tomb but involuntary poverty all his days." [Oxen]

1883: Chiniquy's pamphlet 'Why I left the church of Rome'

"Why I left the church of Rome." [Lestryg] "VIRAG... I am the Virag who disclosed the Sex Secrets of Monks and Maidens. Why I left the church of Rome." [Circe]

1884: Leo XIII adds vernacular prayers (incl Hail Mary) to low mass [etext]

"--O God, our refuge and our strength... Gloria and immaculate virgin. Joseph her spouse. Peter and Paul... Liberty and exaltation of our holy mother the church... --Blessed Michael, archangel, defend us in the hour of conflict. Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil (may God restrain him, we humbly pray): and do thou, O prince of the heavenly host, by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell and with him those other wicked spirits who wander through the world for the ruin of souls." [Lotus] "Could meet one Sunday after the rosary." [Lotus]

1886: Shorter Catechism

"FIRST WATCH It is not in the penny catechism." [Circe]

1890: full Jewish emancipation in England [cite]

"--Mark my words, Mr Dedalus, he [Deasy] said. England is in the hands of the jews. In all the highest places: her finance, her press. And they are the signs of a nation's decay. Wherever they gather they eat up the nation's vital strength. I have seen it coming these years. As sure as we are standing here the jew merchants are already at their work of destruction." [Nestor]

1896: Herzl's pamphlet 'The Jewish State' proposes acquisition of Palestine

"--Are you talking about the new Jerusalem? says the citizen." [Cyclops] "the restoration in Chanah David of Zion" [Ithaca]

1897: Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion published in Russia [cite] [Cecil] [etext]

"A stooped bearded figure appears garbed in the long caftan of an elder in Zion and a smokingcap with magenta tassels." [Circe]

1898: Leo XIII's Apostolic Constitution on the Rosary Confraternity [cite]

1899: Castelein's liberal "Rigorism, the Number of the Chosen"

"That book by the Belgian jesuit, Le Nombre des Élus, seemed to Father Conmee a reasonable plea." [WRocks]

1902: Sir Frederick Falkiner criticised for anti-semitic tirade

"Sir Frederick Falkiner... The devil on moneylenders. Gave Reuben J a great strawcalling. Now he's really what they call a dirty jew." [Lestryg]

1903: 22Nov: Pope Pius X bans women from choirs

earlier: "Sorry I didn't work him about getting Molly into the choir" [Lotus]

1903: Otto Weinenger's 'Sex and Character' argues that Jewish men are 'saturated with femininity' [etext]

"DR DIXON (Reads a bill of health.) Professor Bloom is a finished example of the new womanly man." [Circe]

1907: compulsory-service laws for Jews abolished in Morocco

"--And I belong to a race too, says Bloom, that is hated and persecuted. Also now. This very moment. This very instant... Robbed, says he. Plundered. Insulted. Persecuted. Taking what belongs to us by right. At this very moment, says he, putting up his fist, sold by auction off in Morocco like slaves or cattles." [Cyclops]

1972: tonsure abolished by Pope Paul VI [G1.689]

[timeline]

etexts

G = Gifford and Seidman's Ulysses Annotated (2nd ed)
oihc = McManners (ed) Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity

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Ulysses:
chapters: summary : anchors : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12a 12b 13 14a 14b 15a 15b 15c 15d 16a 16b 17a 17b 18a 18b
notes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
reference: Bloom : clocktime : prices : schemata : Tower : riddles : errors : Homeric parallels : [B-L Odyssey] : Eolus tropes : parable : Oxen : Circe : 1904 : Thom's : Gold Cup : Seaside Girls : M'appari : acatalectic : search
riddles: overview : Rudy : condom : Gerty : Hades : Strand : murder : Eccles
maps: Ulysses : WRocks : Strand : VR tour : aerial tour : Dublin : Leinster : Ireland : Europe
editing: etexts : lapses : Gabler : capitals : commas : compounds : deletes : punct : typists
drafts: prequel : Proteus : Cyclops : Circe
closereadings: notes : Oxen : Circe

Finnegans Wake:
txt: [I.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 II.1 2 3 4 III.1 2 3 4 IV] : [HTML]
shorter: main : I.1-4 : 5-8 : II.1-2 : 3-4 : III.1-2 : 3 : 4 : IV
reference: thunder : Quinet : waves : [MP3 ALP] : FrALP : ItalALP : ch4 digest : Finn's Hotel : JAJquotes : search
drafts: NewGame : ROC : Kev : B&P : T&I : HCE : Mmlj : Cad : Rev : Pacata
closereadings: notes : ROC : T&S : Kev : B&P : T&I : HCE : Mmlj : Cad
theory: AI : archetypes : WakeOS : notes : origin : Scribble

Portrait:
ref: main : ch1 : ch1 notes : ch2 : 3 : 4 : 5a : 5b : Pinamonti : [notes] : [Cave] : [Gabler]

SHero: outline : quotes : PoA04

Dubliners:
etexts: Sis : Sis04 : Sis05 : Enc : Araby : Evel : After : 2Gall : Board : LitCl : Cntr : Clay : Pain : Ivy : Moth : Grace : Dead
guides: main : [Cave] : [Peng]

Other:
Exiles: Ex1 : 2 : 3

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