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For a general overview of AI, I recommend this coffeetable book: Raymond Kurzweil's "The Age of Intelligent Machines", MIT Press, 1990, 565 pages, ISBN 0-262-11121-7, $39.95.
1000BCE: I Ching 300BCE: Aristotle, Euclid 1617: John Napier's "Napier's Bones" 1642: Blaise Pascal's Pascaline (automatic calculating machine) 1694: Liebnitz's "Computer" can do multiplication 1725: Vico's "New Science" calls for universal thesaurus of concepts 1822: Babbage's Difference Engine (not completed) 1832: Babbage's Analytic Engine (never built) 1847: Boole's symbolic logic 1852: Roget's Thesaurus 1873: Dewey Decimal System 1890: Hollerith's punched-card computer 1900: Polti's "36 Dramatic Situations" 1922: James Joyce's "Ulysses" 1939: Joyce's "Finnegans Wake" 1940: First electronic computers in US, UK, and Germany 1946: ENIAC 1950: Alan Turing "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1953: Shannon gives Minsky and McCarthy summer jobs at Bell Labs 1956: Rockefeller funds M&M's AI conference at Dartmouth 1956: CIA funds GAT machine-translation project 1956: Newell, Shaw, and Simon's Logic Theorist 1957: Newell, Shaw, and Simon's General Problem Solver 1958: McCarthy creates first LISP 1959: M&M establish MIT AI Lab 1959: Frank Rosenblatt introduces Perceptron 1960: Bar-Hillel deflates dreams of easy machine translation 1962: First industrial robots 1962: McCarthy moves to Stanford, creates Stanford AI Lab in '63 1963: Quillian lays groundwork for semantic nets 1963: ARPA gives $2 million grant to MIT AI Lab 1964: Bobrow's "Student" solves math word-problems 1965: Feigenbaum takes over SAIL; Noftsker takes over MIT AI Lab 1965: Feigenbaum and Lederberg begin DENDRAL expert system project 1966: Weizenbaum and Colby create ELIZA 1966: ALPAC report kills funding for machine translation 1967: Greenblatt's MacHack defeats Hubert Deyfus at chess 1969: Minsky & Papert's "Perceptrons" kills funding for neural net research 1969: Kubrick's "2001" introduces AI to mass audience 1970: Terry Winograd's SHRDLU, minor NLP success 1970: Colmerauer creates PROLOG 1972: DARPA cancels funding for robotics at Stanford (Shakey) 1973: Lighthill report kills AI funding in UK 1973: LOGO funding scandal: Minsky & Papert turn MIT lab over to Winston 1974: Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN 1974: Minsky reifies the 'frame' 1976: DARPA cancels funding for speech understanding research 1976: Greenblatt creates first LISP machine, "CONS" 1976: Doug Lenat's AM (Automated Mathematician) 1976: Marr's "primal sketch" improves computer vision 1978: Marr & Nishihara's "2.5-D sketch" 1978: SRI's PROSPECTOR discovers molybdenum vein 1978: Patrick Hayes' "Naive Physics Manifesto" 1980: First AAAI conference at Stanford 1980: McDermott's XCON for configuring VAX systems 1981: Kazuhiro Fuchi announces Japanese Fifth Generation Project 1982: John Hopfield resuscitates neural nets 1983: MCC consortium formed under Bobby Ray Inman 1983: DARPA's Stategic Computing Initiative commits $600 million over 5 yrs 1984: Austin AAAI conference launches AI into financial spotlight 1984: Doug Lenat begins CYC project at MCC 1984-86: Corporations invest some $50 million in AI startups 1985: GM and Campbell's Soup find expert systems don't need LISP machines 1986: Thinking Machines Inc introduces Connection Machine 1987: "AI Winter" sets in 1987: Bottom drops out of LISP-machine market due to saturation 1988: AI revenues reach $1 billion 1988: The 386 chip brings PC speeds into competition with LISP machines 1988: Schank forced to resign from Yale and Cognitive Systems 1990: MacArthur Foundation gives Richard Stallman $240,000 genius grant 1992: Japanese Fifth Generation Project ends with a whimper 1992: Japanese Real World Computing Project begins with a big-money bang 1985-present: many other expert-systems success stories
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