system, and the quality of its representation is determined
![[Sims on fire]](sims.jpg)
by comparing its behavior with that of the real system."
--Evans et al, Simulation Using Digital Computers 1967
[Up- intro] [Up- imhofaq] [Robot Wisdom home page]
c1970: EML's Electrocomp analog music synthesizers [info]
1970: journal "Artificial Intelligence" [info]
1970: MacLean's 'triune brain' hypothesis (reptilian, paleomammalian, neomammalian)
1970: Terry Winograd's SHRDLU, minor NLP success [manual] [LISP] [ditto]
1970: 'Marseille Prolog' inspired by Colmerauer [cite]
1970? development of Space Shuttle simulators begins [info]
1970: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) subject classification [info] (or 1945? cite)
Administration and Management, Aeronautics and Aerodynamics, Agriculture and Food, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmospheric Sciences, Behavior and Society, Biomedical Technology and Human Factors Engineering, Building Industry Technology, Business and Economics, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Combustion, Engines, and Propellants, Communication, Computers, Control, and Information Theory, Detection and Countermeasures, Electrotechnology, Energy, Environmental Pollution and Control, Government Inventions for Licensing, Health Care, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Library and Information Sciences, Manufacturing Technology, Materials Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Medicine and Biology, Military Sciences, Missile Technology, Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Navigation, Guidance, and Control, Nuclear Science and Technology, Ocean Technology and Engineering, Ordnance, Photography and Recording Devices, Physics, Problem Solving Information for State and Local Governments, Space Technology, Transportation, Urban and Regional Technology and Development
1970: Pople and Myers' Internist (diagnosis of diseases)
1970: Feistel's Lucifer-cypher (leads to DES) [cite]
1970: Xerox founds Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to develop office of the future [history] 50 top thinkers hired
1970: Hertzberg's "One Million" (statistical-visualisation experiment) [cite]
1970: 17Mar: Stanley Rice proposes structural markup? [cite]
1970: Jun: Codd's 'relational' database design resolves messy kludges [etext]
1970: 05Jun: US Air Force demos English-to-Vietnamese translator [cite] Logos I on IBM 360? [cite]
1970: Jul: Stafford Beer launches Cybersyn project to model Chile's economy in realtime [info] [pic]
1970: Jul: Forrester wows Club of Rome with 1st world-model (Volkswagen agrees to fund project) [cite]
1970: Evans and Sutherland simulate Volkswagen Beetle [cite]
1970: Emshoff's "A Computer Simulation Model of the Prisoner's Dilemma"
1970: Conway invents cellular automaton 'Life' [timeline]
1970? 1st Pittsburgh Conference on Modeling and Simulation
1970: 15Oct: Goldfarb, Mosher, and Peterson's "Online System for Integrated Text Processing" will lead to SGML [etext]
1970: Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) (effects of pollution on man thru changes in climate, ocean ecology, or in large terrestrial ecosystems) [cite]
1970-1975: US Army's systematic experiments with helicopter tactics [info]
1971: 5th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1971: 1st pocket calculator
1971: Study of Man's Impact on Climate (SMIC) [cite]
1971: Michael Hart's Project Gutenberg (public domain etexts) [site]
1971: MEDLARS goes online as MEDLINE
1971: Head's "Guide to Packaged Systems" includes 1st history of software industry [cite]
1971: 1st use of term 'strange attractor' [cite]
1971: US Air Force exploring voice-recognition [cite]
1971: Aug: Society for American Baseball Research (SABR-- will inspire Bill James' coinage 'sabermetrics') [site]
1971: 17yo Jorn Barger's 1st behavioral sim (dorm friendships) in Fortran [passim]
I assigned a hypothetical 'potential liking' value to each pair of students in my dorm, and then generated random meeting-events in which their 'actual' liking-value gradually converged on that level.
1971: Forrester's "World Dynamics" (condemned for estimating data) [cite]
population, birthrate, deathrate, crowding, standard of living, quality of life, investment, natural resources, food ratio, pollution
![[graph]](meadows.gif)
Limits to Growth [pic source]
1972: spring: 'Limits to Growth' by Club of Rome (eco-sim programmed by Jay Forrester) [history] [model]
1972: 16May: Intl Monetary Market in Chicago [cite]
1972: Wierzbicka's 'Semantic Primitives' (14 primitives) [info]
1972: US Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC, for force design, combat systems development, and training) [info]
1972: DARPA cancels funding for robotics at Stanford (Shakey)
1972: email using '@' sign
1972: futurologists at Royal Dutch Shell adopt 'scenarios' paradigm [info]
1972: launching of "Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential" project [info]
geosphere, biosphere, social action (structure, context), concept formation (structure, context), innovative change (structure, context, strategies), experiential (values, modes of awareness) [detail]
1972: Schank's braindead Conceptual Dependency (CD) representation (basic verbs: ptrans, atrans, mtrans, mbuild, plan, propel, ingest, expel, move, grasp, speak, attend)
1972: Wilks' preference semantics [essay]
1972: Cohen, March and Olson's "Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice" for 'anarchic' institutions (like universities) [summary]
1972: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) does climate modeling [info]
1972: Atari's Pong
1972: Thom's 7 elementary 'catastrophes': Fold, Cusp, Swallowtail, Butterfly, Elliptic umbilic, Hyperbolic umbilic, and Parabolic umbilic [info]
1972: Xerox launches Alto project [info]
1972: Oct: Alan Kay's Smalltalk-72, for Dynabook project at Xerox [info] written in Basic, 1000 lines, ported to assembly in December
1973: 6th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1973: Lighthill report kills AI funding in UK
1973: US Air Force explores automatic differentiation of spoken languages [cite]
1973: Apr: Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)
1973: May: Black-Scholes model for options-pricing [cite]
1973: Arneson and Gygax create Dungeons and Dragons for TSR (Tactical Studies Rules) [history]
Fighting Man, Magic User, Cleric; human, dwarf, hobbit, elf; Law, Neutrality, Chaos; Strength, Intelligence, Wisdom, Constitution, Dexterity, Charisma [info]
1973: millionaire Richard Mellon Scaife begins funding conservative thinktanks [history]
1973: Laffal's Concept Dictionary of English distinguishes 168 concepts? [passim]
1973: Universal Product Code (UPC) for barcodes
1973: LOGO funding scandal: Minsky & Papert turn MIT lab over to Winston
1973: MIT spins off Charles Stark Draper Laboratory for gyro-guidance research [cite]
1973: general purpose programmable controller (GE's Logitrol Programmable Control) [cite]
1973: Lexis Legal Retrieval System goes online
1973-1975: Bravo wordprocessor at Xerox by Butler Lampson, Charles Simonyi et al [info]
1974: 7th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1974: Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN (prescribing antibiotics)
1974: Minsky reifies the 'frame' [outline]
1974: Leech's 'Semantics' [cite] [home]
[semantics is] "a messy, largely unstructured intellectual no-man's land on the fringes of linguistics"
1974: IBM begins developing Structured Query Language (SQL) [history]
1974? DEC's TYPESET-10 and TYPESET-11 w/video display editing and powerful macro abilities, letterspacing, kerning, etc. [info]
1974? von Foerster's "Cybernetics of Cybernetics" (ed)
"What is cybernetics?
I would like to call cybernetics an offer.
What does cybernetics offer...?"
1974: VRI's Vector-1 battle-sim nests differential models of battalion-sized engagements within theater-level campaigns [info]
1975: David Canfield Smith's Pygmalion programming environment (1st icons?) [info]
1975: Gaffney's 'E&S Design System' (Forth-like language for 3D databases, leads to PostScript) [info] [more]
1975: Intl Society for Ecological Modeling (ISEM) formed in Denmark [info]
1975: Space Shuttle engine simulator [cite]
1975: Computational Algebra Group's software tool 'Group' for group theory [cite]
1975: Mandelbrot coins term 'fractal' [cite]
1975: Fodor's "The Language of Thought"
1975: Grice's "Logic and Conversation"
1975: Gall's "Systemantics: How Systems Work and Especially How They Fail" [review] [more]
A function performed by a larger system is not operationally identical to the function of the same name performed by a smaller system.The larger the system, the less the variety in the product.
The bigger the system, the narrower and more specialised the interface with individuals.
Systems develop goals of their own the instant they come into being.
Complex systems tend to produce complex responses (not solutions) to problems.
Great advances are not produced by systems designed to produce great advances.
1975: US Air Force 'Quince' system for translating Chinese [cite]
1975: 1st draft of Broad System of Ordering (BSO) w/2100 terms [cite]
knowledge generally; science and technology; education; human needs; humanities, cultural and social sciences; technology; language, linguistics and literature; arts; religion and atheism [outline]
1976: 8th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1976: DARPA cancels funding for speech-understanding research
1976: SRI begins exploring image-understanding for ARPA [cite]
1976: Greenblatt creates 1st LISP machine, 'Cons'
1976: Doug Lenat's AM (Automated Mathematician) embodies 115 concepts from set theory and 250 heuristics, priorities based on 'interestingness' [outline] [info]
slots: name, definition, origin, predicate-calculus, iterative, examples, boundary, boundary-failures, failures, generalizations, specializations, conjectures, intuitions, analogies, interest, worth"The ultimate limitation was not what we expected (cpu time), or hoped for (the need to learn new representations), but rather something at once surprising and daunting: the need to have a massive fraction of consensus reality already in the machine." [cite]
1976: Marr's 'primal sketch' improves computer vision
1976: Computer Associates offers sorting program (early packaged software) [cite]
1976: Griffin's "The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience" (1st cognitive ethology) [info]
1976: Chen's "The Entity-Relationship Model: towards a unified view of data" [passim]
1976: Smalltalk-76 adds inheritance, click-n-drag popup menus [paper] [Horn]
1976: Stallman writes 1st Emacs in TECO (screen-oriented?)
1976: Wang word-processor
1976: Honeywell's 1st relational database [cite]
1976: Appel and Haken's computer-assisted four-color proof
1976: Kurzweil Reading Machine with omnifont character recognition
1976: Dawkins' "Selfish Gene" popularises sociobiological modelling
1976: Meehan's 'TaleSpin' generates stories [LISP]
1976: Leibenstein's "Beyond Economic Man: A New Foundation for Microeconomics"
1976: 'Anderson classification system' for land-use and land-cover derived from secret Defense Mapping Agency system
1976: public-key crypto [cite] (RSA algorithm 1977)
1976: 'Meteo' translates weather reports [cite]
1976: SRI's Prospector (geology expert-system, will discover molybdenum vein) [cite]
late 1970s: US military starts exploiting civilian wargame experience [history]
1977: 9th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1977: US Army's TACWAR model uses 'anti-potential potential eigenvalue methodology' [info]
1977: 1st tank sim (Panzer Plato) for US Army Armor School [cite]
1977: John Hill's 'Squad Leader' bestselling wargame ever (200k copies) [cite]
1977: Bunge's "Ontology I: The Furniture of the World": things, properties (intrinsic, mutual), composites, attributes, laws, functional schema, states (stable, unstable), events, changes, interactions [cite]
1977: UNESCO thesaurus [info]
Education; Science; Culture; Social and human sciences; Information and communication; Politics, law and economics; Countries and country groupings [browse]
1977: Alexander's 'Pattern Language' (253 humane architectural insights) [info]
Independent regions, Regional policies, Major structures, Self-governing communities, Development of networks, Local environment, Local centers, Housing clusters, Work communities, Local networks, Public open spaces, Common land, Family needs, Workgroup needs, Gathering places and shops, Group configuration, Site selection and layout, Volume and space, Interconnecting paths, Gradients of space and movement, Important area or rooms in the house, Important areas or rooms in the office, Independent areas, Internal-external connections, Arrangement of the garden, Minor rooms and alcoves, Tuning and precision, Give depth to the walls, Structural philosophy, Structural layout, Structural frame, Doors and windows, Subsidiary details, Surface details, Outdoor details, Ornamentation
1977: Manfred Clynes' 'Sentics' (stereotypical rhythmic representation of emotions)
1977: Tukey's "Exploratory Data Analysis" [info]
1977? Borning's ThingLab (Smalltalk simulation app) [docs]
1977? Sproull and Newman's device-independent page-image description scheme 'Press format' (will lead to PostScript) [cite]
1977: Abelson et al's "Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding" (representing stories) [summary] (Schank still exerts a contemptible, sociopathic stranglehold on this domain via his well-placed students)
1977: Knuth's TeX
1978: 10th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1978: 22Feb: 1st GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite launched [info]
1978: Apr: VisiCalc (1st spreadsheet)
1978: Marr & Nishihara's '2.5-D sketch'
1978: Will Eisner's "A Contract with God" (1st graphic novel) []
1978: Patrick Hayes' "Naive Physics Manifesto" (models need to be qualitative not quantitative, commonsense-patterns not expert-equations) [info]
1978: Schelling's "Micromotives and Macrobehavior" w/Residential Tipping Model
1978: TI's Speak & Spell
1978: Xerox begins using Systran [timeline]
1978: Lorinda Cherry writes pattern-matching syntax-parser 'parts' to add inflections to McIlroy's 'speak' [cite]
1978: Parker-Rhodes' 'Inferential Semantics' [info]
1979: 11th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1979: start of EuroTra machine-translation project [cite]
1979: Oracle is 1st relational/SQL database [history]
1979? Temple of Apshai dungeon-game for Apple
1979: Bruce Artwick's 1st Flight Simulator for Apple and TRS-80 [history]
1979: summer: Cherry expands 'parts' to 'style' (readability) and adds 'diction' (awkward language) [cite] formed basis of Writer's Workbench in 1981
1979: Dec: Xerox PARC demos Smalltalk for Apple team, inspiring windows & mouse for Lisa&Mac
1980: 12th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1980: Mar: Pentagon's World Wide Military Command and Control system (Wimex) doesn't work [passim]
1980: Jorn Barger's Anti-Math (story representation language: place, time, will, person, thing, good, bad, inside) [etext]
bad person, bad feeling, neutral person, good person, good feeling, roller coaster, growth via suffering, consciousness without content, the black goddess, time, change, changing back, cycles, brief existence, consciousness with content, duration, death, birth, gap, mitosis, failure of will, ex nihilo creation, the creation of eve, death by misadventure, suicide, trip, send away, summon, murder, double suicide, progress, hero and fan, peak experience, Gatsby, winning streak, Belushi, run down, easy living, magic!, tennis, oops, too hot, benefits of being unpopular, okay and not okay, clears up, clears up and then goes away, slips, running rough, bad childhood, bad seed, contagious, recovered, chase, argument, good and bad, decay, miracle, entropy, the game!
1980: Wierzbicka's 'Lingua Mentalis' [info]
1980: turningpoint for Cohen's artist-program 'Aaron' [history]
"Each part, arm, head, leg, was represented internally as an array of points with its origin at its articulation to the next part: hand to forearm at the wrist, forearm to upper arm at the elbow, and so on."
1980: Smalltalk-80 uses model-view-controller architecture [theory]
1980: Lenat's Representation-Language Language (RLL) used to implement Eurisko [info]
domains tested-on: Wargames, Elementary Mathematics, LISP Programming, VLSI Design, Biological Evolution, Games (Noughts and Crosses, Go), Heuristics, Knowledge Representation, Oil Spill Cleanups
1980: Baudrillard's "Simulacra and Simulation" [info]
1980: 1st AAAI conference at Stanford
1980: McDermott's XCON for configuring VAX systems
1980: American Airlines innovates 'revenue management' (dynamic pricing via demand-forecasts) [cite] [theory]
1980: Usenet newsgroups
1980? Chris Crawford's Energy Czar [passim]
1980: Dunnigan's "Complete Wargames Handbook" [etext]
1980: 27Oct: US Air Force completes 'Metal' translation program [cite]
c1980: US accounting procedures too rigid, Japanese seize advantage [cite]
1981: 13th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1981: May: early release of Matlab (Matrix Lab) [abstract] [history]
1981: Lenat's AI-program 'Eurisko' wins Traveller wargame [info] Traveller [biblio]
1981: Bell Labs' Writer's Workbench based on pattern matching not NLP [info] [man?] [crit] [crit]
1981: Info-Electronics Systems (IES) founded (interactive training) [profile] [site]
1981: Kamp's "A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation" [essay] [wordy] [pix]
1981: Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman "Sociocultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach"
1981: Kazuhiro Fuchi announces Japanese Fifth Generation Project
1981: Hyprotech's Hysim, 1st chemistry sim for pc (later: Design II, Aspen, Simsci, ChemCAD) [cite]
1981: Cham's Phoenics for computational fluid dynamics [cite] (modules added for heating and ventilating of buildings, electronics-cooling, chemical-vapour-deposition reactors, river-oil-spill analysis, steam-condenser simulation, and cooling-tower design)
1981: Wizardry for Apple ][
1981: Chris Crawford's Eastern Front for Atari 800
1981: Hampden-Turner's "Maps of the Mind" [cite]
1981: Zeeman's "Dynamics of the Evolution of Animal Conflicts"
1981: Strategic Management Group offers project/sales/change management sims [site]
1981? 'Cartels & Cutthroats' by Dan Bunten [blurb]
1982? Amsler and Walker propose 'lexical knowledgebase' (LKB)
1982: John Hopfield resuscitates neural nets
1982: Bhattacharyya's Classaurus (hybrid thesaurus/numerical index?) [passim]
1982: Dragon Systems founded by Jim and Janet Baker (speech recognition) [history]
1982: Heidorn et al "The EPISTLE text-critiquing system" (renamed 'Critique') [info] [more] NLP-based [cite]
1982: Maynard Smith's "Evolution and the Theory of Games"
1982: US Air Force explores AI-based mission planning [cite]
1982: Weed founds PKC for medical problem-knowledge couplers [info]
1982: Computational Algebra Group's 'Cayley' for group theory, etc [info]
1982: RAND begins automated war-gaming in which computer models can substitute for human players [cite]
1983: 15th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1983: Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) standard
1983: Bill Budge's Pinball Construction Set for Apple II, 1st object-oriented 8-bit? [interview] [more]
1983? Chris Crawford's demo 'Gossip' [cite]
1983: Hartnell's "Creating Adventure Games On Your Computer" [etext]
"Doors can be locked, impassable, stuck, or traps. Walls can fall in on players, floors give way to a gaping crevasse, and so on..."
1983: CMU's SOAR (State, Operator And Result) (cognitive model/AI environment) [faq]
1983: SLAM II simulation software for IBM PC [cite]
1983: Kirkpatrick et al's simulated annealing [intro]
1983: Johnson-Laird's "Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness"
1983: Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) consortium formed under former NSA/CIA-exec Bobby Ray Inman [info]
1983: DARPA's Strategic Computing Initiative commits $600 million to AI over 5 yrs [more]
1983: Lancaster Oslo-Bergen (LOB) Corpus of 1M words of English tagged with parts of speech using Constituent-Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System (CLAWS) [info]
1983: Oct: tv ad features convincing cgi Life-Savers
1983: Nov: Nigel Calder's "Timescale: An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension"
1984: Jan: Apple intros Macintosh
toolbox: QuickDraw, TextEdit, and managers for: Devices, Windows, Menus, Fonts, Resources, Events, Controls, Dialogs, Desktop [tech]
1984: 16th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1984: 15Mar: 1st PostScript manual shipped [cite] [theory] [links]
1984: Kurzweil-250 electronically simulates acoustic instruments
1984: Austin AAAI conference launches AI into financial spotlight
1984: Doug Lenat begins Cyc project at MCC [info]
thing, intangible, represented thing, individual object, collection, relationship, stuff, event, process, slot, attribute, value, dynamic process, etc [graph]
1984: Firearms Training Systems Inc founded [biz] (interactive sims for law enforcement, military, etc) [website]
1984: Mathworks' Matlab [quickstart] [faq]
toolboxes: Curve Fitting, Optimization, Statistics, Neural Networks, Symbolic Math, Partial Differential Equations, Mapping, Splines, Data Acquisition, Instrument Control, Signal Processing, Image Processing, Communications, System Identification, Wavelets, Filter Design, Control Systems, Fuzzy Logic, Robust Control, Micro-Analysis and Synthesis, LMI Control, Model Predictive Control, Model-Based Calibration, Financial Time Series, GARCH, Financial Derivatives, Datafeed [cite] [info]
1984: Federal Aviation Administration launches giant, doomed software project [cite]
1984: Wolfram popularises 1-D automata [cite]
1984: Axelrod's "Evolution of Cooperation" [info] [critique] inspires 'Axelrod industry'
1984: Braitenberg's "Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology" [info]
1984: Dewdney and Jones's Core Wars
1984: Santa Fe Institute founded [website]
1984: Jun: Scheifler's "X Window System" (v1) [GooJa] [ditto] [crit]
1984: Sep: newsgroup net.math.symbolic
no-date: Bill Budge gives up idea of 'Construction Set Construction Set' [cite]
1985: 17th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1985: GM and Campbell's Soup find expert systems don't need LISP machines
1985: 1st netnews mention of George A Miller's WordNet (published 1990) [searchpattern] [browser] Abstraction, Act (human), Entity, Event, Group, Phenomenon, Possession, Psychological Feature, State [passim]
1985: Chris Crawford's 'Balance of Power' [cite] (geopolitical sim)
1985: Activision's Little Computer People Discovery Kit
1985: Activision's Alter Ego [info]
1985: "The RAND-ABEL Programming Language: History, Rationale and Design" (military sims w/o programming) [info]
1985: Talmy analyses motion-events into motion, path, manner, figure, ground [cite]
1985: 83yo Mortimer Adler predicts hopefully that AI will fail [etext]
1985: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) Common Data Format
1985: Halliday and Matthiessen's Bloomington Lattice
1985? (1981?) Wampler's 'Grammatik' grammar checker [info] [cite] [cite] [crit]
1986: 18th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1986: "Information and Computation" journal replaces 'Information and Control' [tocs]
1986: Gauthier's "Morals by Agreement"
1986: Reynolds' 'Boids' models flocking [website]
1986: Thinking Machines Inc introduces Connection Machine
1986: Borland's Turbo Prolog $99
1986: Cognitive Systems' Atrans routes specialised bank messages [cite]
1986: Gordon "Folk Psychology as Simulation" [info] [more]
[paraphrase] In predicting people's behavior we take our own decision making system 'off line' and supply it with the 'pretend' beliefs and desires of the person whose behavior we are trying to predict; we then let the decision maker reach a decision on the basis of these pretend inputs.
1986: Jul: start of Usenet's 'great renaming' (comp, misc, news, rec, sci, soc, talk; plus local) [faq]
1986: ANSI standard for SQL [history]
1986: SRI's TACITUS abductive text-understander [cite]
1986: Oct: Sun introduces NeWS [cite]
1986: Oct: newsgroup sci.lang [earliest]
1986: Nov: net.math.symbolic renamed sci.math.symbolic
1987: 19th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1987: 'AI Winter' sets in, bottom drops out of LISP-machine market due to saturation, 386 chip brings PC speeds into competition [info]
1987: Apr: PowerPoint 1.0 from Forethought (presentation-representations) [history]
1987: May: Boyd's observe-orient-decide-act (OODA) loop [citeseer]
1987: Chris Crawford's 'Trust and Betrayal' [cite]
1987: Automated Fingerprint Identification System
1987: Lernout and Hauspie founded in Belgium (automated translation) [history]
1987: David Harel's statecharts for finite-state transition systems [passim]
1987: Text Encoding Initiative launched [cite] (semantic etext-markup)
1987: IBM's Tangora speech-recognition system [info]
1987: Paul Fishwick [bio] starts Simulation Digest ezine [archives] [faq]
1987: Agre and Chapman's "Pengi: an implementation of a theory of activity" (reactive planning) [background]
1987: Aug: HyperCard
1987: Aug: Reagan's FCC abandons Fairness Doctrine [history]
1987: IEEE standard for VHDL (VHSIC hardware description level; VHSIC is very high speed integrated circuit) [info]
1987: Axelrod's evolution of Prisoner's Dilemma strategies using genetic algorithms [info]
1987: Mike Roberts' Text Adventure Development System (TADS) [site]
Room, Thing, Item (vehicle, surface, lightsource, key, food, container, clothing), FixedItem (switch, dial, button, decoration, actor, chair)
1987: Ellis's taxonomy of information behavior: starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, monitoring, extracting, verifying, ending [cite]
late 1980s: Earth systems models incl atmosphere, oceans, agriculture, and ecology; integrated assessment models incl economics, energy, and human social systems [passim]
1988: 20th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1988: Ortony et al's "Cognitive Structure of Emotions"
![[stars and moons]](antimath.gif)
Emotions about things: liking, disliking
Emotions about persons: approving, disapproving
about self: pride, shame
about others: admiration, reproach
about events for self: pleasing, displeasing
for other: gloating, pity, resentment, happy-for
about events in the future: hope, fear
realized (positive): satisfaction, relief
realized (negative): disappointment, fears-confirmed
Emotions about another person's role in events: gratitude, anger
about self's role: 'gratification', remorse1988: AI revenues reach $1 billion
1988: Iowa Electronic Markets predict election-results via real-money 'shares' [site]
1988: Apr: comp.simulation newsgroup formed [annc] [early posts]
1988: May: 1st netnews mention of BBN's SimNet [comp.simulation]
"Each node in the network represents one combat vehicle. Currently they have simulators for M1 Abrams Main Battle Tanks, M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, A-10 Thunderbolt II Close Air Support aircraft, and I believe Apache helicopters. The gist behind the distribution is that each node maintains its own dead-reckoning model of all objects in the world. The only time a node must broadcast a message is when it detects a significant difference between its own dead-reckoning model of itself and its actual state. It then broadcasts a message telling all other objects its new state, from which those other objects update their own dead-reckoning models."
1988: Jorn Barger's Solace: a textbook of romantic psychology (psych-knowledge representation; parallel efforts for cycle of creativity, for business-psych, and for developmental-psych) [etext]
Wishing, Seeking, Hoping, Planning, Weighing, Qualms, Courting, Courted, Losing, Loving, Testing, Trying, Fading, Bereaved, Ricorso
1988? Wolfram's Mathematica
1988: 'President Elect 1988 Edition' by Nelson Hernandez, Sr [blurb]
1988: 1st prototype of AgentSheets (spreadsheet-style cellular automata language) [history]
1988: Singer sells Link to CAE [cite] renamed Link Tactical Simulation
1988: Schank forced to resign from Yale and Cognitive Systems, limps to Northwestern (hires Barger, to both of their eternal regrets: memoir)
1988: Sep: early PR from Adobe about Display Postscript [post]
1989: 21st Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1989: Apr: newsgroup comp.theory.dynamic-sys [earliest]
1989: 26Apr: 60 people attend conference on Interactive Networked Simulation for Training [cite] inspires DIS (Distributed Interactive Simulations)
1989: Jun: Will Wright's SimCity
1989: MP3 compression patented
1989: Apple Technology Group's Education Research Group's Business Learning Group under Mark L. Miller for sim-based learning environments (MrFixit, Role'm, and Piaget) [cite]
1989: Widman et al's "Artificial Intelligence, Simulation and Modeling" [toc]
1989: Chris Crawford's 'Guns and Butter' [cite]
1989: CMU's KANT project for tech translation [site]
1989: Wierzbicka's expanded set of 28 semantic primitives [cite]
I, you, someone, something, this, the same (other), two, all, I want, I don't want, think, say, know, would (I imagine), do happen, where, when, after, like, can (possible), good, bad, kind (of), part, like, because, and very
1989: US Air Force tests Rapid Application of Air Power software program and Computer Aided Electronic Warfare Information System [cite]
1989: Brown's list of human universals [list]
includes human classification-behavior regarding: age, behavioral propensities, body parts, colors, fauna, flora, inner states, kin, sex, space, tools, weather
1989: Agre's critical analysis "Writing and Representation" [etext]
1989: newsgroup uw.maple
1989: 30Sep: newsgroup comp.object [earliest]
1990: 22nd Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1990: Mar: newsgroup uiuc.mathematica
1990: Kassabov's 'Semantic Dictionary-Minimum' (850 words/sememes in 17 categories) [info]
morality (and law), science (and education), war, culture, religion, society, mentality, family, illness (and health), home, (house), body, road (and town), nature, organism, production (and trade), food, money
1990: Virtus WalkThrough
1990: Yeager's alife Polyworld [site]
1990: Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis (MCCA) places each English language word into one of 116 categories [cite]
1990: Wand and Weber's "Ontological Model of an Information System" Thing, Property, Attribute, State, Event, History, Type/Class, Subtype/Subclass, Composite thing [passim]
1990: Penman Upper Model
1990: 'artificial immune systems' being explored [bib]
1990: Encoded Archival Description (EAD) sgml dtd for library finding-aids [info]
1990: May: Model Technology founded (hardware description-language simulators, HDL) [site]
1990: Jun: Documentum object-oriented content-management [tutorial] [site]
1990: "Indexing by latent semantic analysis" (patented 1989) [info]
1990: i2's 'Analyst's Notebook' for visual data-mining [site]
1990: 'Extend' simulation language from ImagineThat [website]
Biological, Chemical, Continuous Processes, Control Systems, Electronic Engineering, Environmental, Finances and Economic, Mechanical Engineering, Medicine and Pharmacology, Mathematics and Physics, Banking Systems, Call and Customer Contact Centers, Communication Systems, Discrete Event Systems, Healthcare, Insurance and Financial Services, Inventory and Supply Chain Dynamics, Manufacturing Production, Scheduling and Logistics, Service and Retail Systems, Six Sigma and Reliability Engineering, Transportation and Material Handling, ATM Transactions, Automotive, Bottling Plants, Call Centers, Chemical Processes, Discrete Rate Systems, Distribution Logistics, Factory Flow, Food Processing, Networks, Packaging Lines, Paper Flow, Warehousing
1990: Smalltalk redesigned to run under other window-managers (ObjectWorks) [cite]
1990: Chris Crawford's 'Balance of the Planet' (120 ecological variables) [cite]
1990: DARPA funds wireless tactical command, control and communication system from Illusion Engineering [history]
1990: DragonDictate from Dragon Systems [cite]
1990: Vega toolkit for discrete math in Mathematica [website]
1991: 23rd Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1991: Be, Inc [pix]
1991: 'gopher'
1991: ARPA's Knowledge-Sharing Effort
1991: Exa pioneers 'digital physics' incl Boltzmann-equation approach to fluid dynamics [info]
1991: Jorn Barger's fractal-thicket indexing [faq] (post-hierarchical topical indexing: person place thing motive modality relationship)
1991: Geometer's Sketchpad for Mac (geometry 'sim') [brief] [website]
1991: March's Organizational Code Model
1991: Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT, uses object, dynamic, and functional models/diagrams, plus Harel's statecharts) [history]
1991: Tom Ray's Tierra (corewars with mutation)
1991: 1st public version of VenSim (1.50) for dynamic feedback models (dynamic functions, subscripting arrays, Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis, optimization, data handling, application interfaces) [website] [faq] [history]
1991: SimuLab layer adds block-simulation to MatLab (renamed SimuLink in 1992) [website] blocksets: Aerospace, CDMA Reference, Communications, Dials & Gauges, DSP, Fixed-Point, Nonlinear Control Design
1991: Jim Spohrer's End User Environments Group at Apple (SK8, Puppeteer, KidSim, Constructo, and Scientists WorkBench) with Steve Weyer's Intelligent Systems Group (MacFrames) and Alan Kay's Vivarium Group (MacPal) [cite]
1991: Davenport Group's SOFABED (Standard Open Formal Architecture for Browsable Electronic Documents) will lead to topic maps [history]
1991: Phil Zimmerman's Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
1991: Mathematics Subject Classification [info]
1991? 1st Conference on Computer-Generated Forces and Behavior Representation
1991-1998: DARPA's Tipster Text Program [site]
1992: 24th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1992: Alvin and Foley's Decentralized Market
1992: Anderson's ACT-R (cognitive model/AI environment) [website]
1992? Ken Kahn [GooJa] creating ToonTalk [website]
1992: American Airlines writes off $165M software fiasco [cite]
1992: BioNumerik founded (will model drug-interactions on Crays) [cite] [more]
1992: Karp's EcoCyc bioinformatics database, with Pathway Tools [history] [site]
"The EcoCyc ontology contains about 1000 classes that encode key concepts in biochemistry and molecular biology, and more than 200 slots that define properties of and relationships among those classes. The EcoCyc DB is structured according to this ontology and consists of an interconnected web of frames (objects) stored in a frame knowledge representation system (similar to an object-oriented DB). Each frame represents a distinct biological object (such as a gene or a protein), and the labeled connections between those frames represent distinct semantic relationships among the objects, such as the relationship of a gene to its protein product, or the relationship of a protein to a reaction that it catalyzes." [article]
E coli metabolic pathways (detail) [pic source]
1992: Gelernter's "Mirror Worlds; or the day software puts the universe in a shoe box... how it will happen and what it will mean" [crit]
1992: Japanese Fifth Generation Project ends with a whimper; Real World Computing Project begins with a big-money bang
1992: 1st netnews mention of 'Supply Chain Management' (SCM)
1992: 'Socionics' movement in Germany (sociology plus informatics) [intro]
1992: SRI's Finite State Automata-based Text Understanding System (FASTUS) [cite]
1992: Steven Levy's "Artificial Life: A Report from the Frontier Where Computers Meet Biology"
1992: Danielson's "Artificial Morality: Virtuous Robots for Virtual Games" [info] [website]
1992: Sep: newsgroup sci.engr.control [earliest]
1992: Oct: newsgroup rec.aviation.simulators [earliest]
1992: journal "Cybernetics and Human Knowing" [archives]
1993: Jan: newsgroup comp.soft-sys.matlab [earliest]
1993: Feb: NCSA Mosaic web browser
1993: Feb: Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards (EAGLES) launched by European Commission [info]
1993: 25th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1993: Apr: newsgroup comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.flight-sim [earliest]
1993: 19Apr: 1st Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standard [cite]
1993: Jun: Gelernter targetted by Unabomber [info]
"There are a lot of people out there who resent bitterly the way techno-nerds like you are changing the world..."
1993: John Hiles' 'SimHealth' simulates healthcare policy [info] [pic] [GooJa] [Will Wright?]
1993: Spielberg's 'Jurassic Park' animates convincing dinosaurs [IMDb]
1993: Adami's alife 'Avida' [cite] [site]
1993: BTA Technology founded (microchip circuit sims) [cite] later renamed Celestry [website] bought by Cadence 2003
1993: Muttenzer Assistant for Simulation Tasks with Expert Reasoning (MASTER = SimScript plus Lotus123 plus KEE) [paper]
1993: "Economic and Financial Modeling with Mathematica" ed Varian
1993: Conventions for the Application of HyTime (CApH) turns SOFABED into topic maps [history]
1993: Holland and Jones' 'Echo' (complex adaptive systems tool) [info]
1993: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology commercialises TeraText Database System (aka Structured Information Manager) [history] [recent]
1993? Kocabas's model of scientific discovery [paper]
slots: Discovery (name, date and responsible scientist(s), Historical Background, Available Technology, Empirical Knowledge, Theoretical Knowledge, Inputs, Algorithms, Heuristics, Results, Possible Alternative Results, and Effects of the Discovery
1993: FinCEN AI System (FAIS) does datamining for money-laundering [info]
1993: SRI's Gemini speech-understanding system [cite]
1993: Oct: Denver airport opening delayed by baggage-software fiasco [cite]
1993: Dec: California Dept of Motor Vehicles writes off $44M software fiasco (blamed on programmers' CASE tools) [cite]
1993: Dec: Doom, for VGA [history]
1993: Dec: newsgroup rec.autos.simulators [earliest]
1993: Dec: Computational Algebra Group's 'Magma' general algebra system incl group theory [cite]
no-date: US military innovates 'simulation-based acquisition' (requires contractors to produce sims first)
1994: Jan: Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web (will become Yahoo; innovates top-two-levels menu) [history]
1996 menu: Arts, Business and Economy, Computers and Internet, Education, Entertainment, Government, Health, News, Recreation and Sports, Reference, Regional, Science, Social Science, Society and Culture [Wayback]2003 menu: Business & Economy, Computers & Internet, News & Media, Entertainment, Recreation & Sports, Health, Government, Regional, Society & Culture, Education, Arts & Humanities, Science, Social Science, Reference
1994: 17Feb: GNU Octave released (MatLab compatible) [website]
1994: 26th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1994: Mar: 1st netnews use of 'M&S' for modeling and simulation community [comp.simulation]
1994: shortlived moderated newsgroup sci.aeronautics.simulation
1994? Grady Ward's Moby tools [GooJa] (semantic databases)
1994: 22Jul: Landay and Myers' SILK tool for sketching uifs [paper]
1994: Apple's Authoring Tools & Titles Program (SK8-based projects incl KidSim, Catalyst, MedFly, East/West Authoring Tools) [cite] collaborating with Alan Kay's Learning Concepts Group (Squeak)
1994: "KidSim: Programming Agents Without a Programming Language" by Smith et al (based on AgentSheets: cite)
1994: Kauffman, Macready and Dickenson's NK Patch Model [bkgd]
1994 (1993?): Booch's notational system for object-development in Ada [cite]
1994: Jacobson's OOSE (object-oriented software engineering) incl 'use cases' (story-skeletons anticipating how software will be used) for business software-design [cite]
1994: more than 50 competing object-oriented modeling languages have been created [cite]
1994: Gaylord and Nishidate's "Modeling Nature-- Cellular Automata Simulations with Mathematica"
1994: SRI's robot Flakey [cite]
1994: SRI's Open Agent Architecture [cite]
1994: Cyc project incorporates as Cycorp [cite] [SciAm]
1994: Hirschfeld et al "Mapping the Mind" (domain specificity) [abstracts]
1994: Young's 'Longbow' discourse-planning system [pdfs]
1994: Visual Thinking's 'Simul8' [review] "widely used to simulate workflows in production, distribution and office environments"
typical inputs: cycle time, staff levels, arrival/order rates, average order size
typical outputs: inventory, throughput, bottleneck utilization, productivity [cite]
1994? AutoContent wizard added to Microsoft PowerPoint [history]
1994: 1st netnews mention of "Customer Relationship Management" (CRM) [perspective]
1994: Bateman's Generalized Upper Model (GUM) [tree] thing, sequence, configuration, element; relation, process, circumstance, participant
1994: autumn: 1st use of 'Visible Human' anatomy-database [cite]
1994: 31Oct: SciLab 2.0 (open-source MatLab clone) [annc]
1994: newsgroup sci.lang.translation [earliest]
1995: 27th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1995: Apr: newsgroup comp.soft-sys.math.mathematica
1995: SAIC buys Network Solutions
1995: ecological modeling newsletter ECOMOD [2 issues]
1995: AgentSheets (spreadsheet-style cellular automata) [intro] [tutorial] [11pg] [website]
1995: McFadzean's SimBioSys [sourcecode]
1995: "Artificial Societies: the computer simulation of social life" ed Gilbert and Conte
1995: Pollock's "Cognitive Carpentry" leads to OSCAR agent-architecture [website]
1995: Cunningham et al's General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) and Vanilla Information Extraction system (VIE) [cite]
1995? Microsoft's 1st 'home-of-the-future'
1995: Trevor Chan's 'Capitalism' [site]
1995: Marine Corps Modeling and Simulation Management Office chooses Doom II to be modified for training [article] [less] [gossip]
1995: Gamma et al's "Design Patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software" (23 design-heuristics) [info]
state, strategy, prototype, singleton, flyweight, proxy (remote, device, virtual), facade, command, template method, factory method, abstract factory, abstract client, null object, observer, builder, adapter, bridge, composite, decorator, chain of responsibility, interpreter, iterator, mediator, memento, visitor, reactor
1995: Myrtveit's Model Interchange Format (MIF)
1995: journal "Computer Applications in the Biosciences" renamed 'Bioinformatics' [cite]
1995: 1st Dublin (Ohio) Core Series Workshop [faq] metadata element set: Name, Identifier, Version, Registration Authority, Language, Definition, Obligation, Datatype, Maximum Occurrence, Comment
1995: Sep: debut of eBay auction site with feedback rating-system (reputation-representation)
1995: 19Sep: Washington Post prints "Industrial Society and Its Future" (Unabomber manifesto) [etext]
"It is not possible to make a LASTING compromise between technology and freedom, because technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually encroaches on freedom through REPEATED compromises."
1995: autumn: OMG initiates Unified Method project (later UML) under Booch, Jacobson, and Rumbaugh, to standardise diagramming-phase of software development [cite] [history] [more]
1995: Oct: Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6) [info]
1995: 27Nov: Scheler proposes simulating language-learning in microworld [abstract]
1995: Dec: Altavista word-indexes the entire Web
1996: 28th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1996: 28Apr: Erik Mueller's ThoughtTreasure (natural-language toolkit) [website]
1996: 29Apr: revised Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standard [etext]
1996: Jun: Systran offers free online translation [1st netnews]
1996: Sperber's "Explaining Culture" ('epidemiology' of representations) [summary]
"Mental representations and public productions may cause the tokenings of descendants that more or less resemble them. However, processes in these causal chains, including those of imitation and of communication, are best seen as processes of transformation. Replication, when it occurs at all, is best seen as a limiting case of null transformation."
1996: Wierzbicka's Natural Semantic Metalanguage [website]
I, you, someone, something, people, body; this, the same, other; one, two, some, many/much, all; good, bad; big, small; very; think, know, want, feel, see, hear; say, word, true; do, happen, move; there is, have; live, die; not, maybe, can, because, if; when, now, after, before, a long time, a short time, for some time, moment; where, here, above, below, far, near, side, inside, touching; more; kind of, part of; like
1996: DIS becomes SISO (Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization) [website]
1996: CyberLife's 'Creatures' (neural-net alife game where 'norns' learn language etc; includes simulated hormones) [article]
If the norn eats a poisonous plant, the emitters release pain chemicals. Receptors respond by increasing the firing thresholds of nodes in the concept and decision lobes that link poisonous plants with the decision to eat.
1996: Apple renames KidSim as 'Cocoa' [thread]
1996: Apple's Educational Object Economy Project (EOE, WorldBoard) [cite]
1996: SAIC's 'Lessons Learned' program systematically studies how to win govt contracts [cite]
1996: Stewart and Havholm's Linear Modeling Kit (Propp-based plot generation) [abstract]
1996: Epstein and Axtell's "Growing Artificial Societies: social science from the bottom up" describes alife 'Sugarscape' [background] [book]
1996: Santa Fe's 'Swarm' simulation system [intro] [multi]
1996: online political sims "Reinventing America" (budget: Costik) and "President '96" (platforms) [Markle]
1996: Aug: Entelos founded (pharmaceutical sims) [site]
1996: Sep: METI's Human Patient Simulator (HPS) [info] [website]
1996: Nov: Tamagotchi virtual pet introduced [story] [history]
1997: 29th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1997? Laerdal begins marketing AirMan and SimMan patient sims [website]
1997: Riolo's Prisoner's Dilemma Tag Model
1997: Deep Blue beats Kasparov
1997: "Simulating Social Phenomena" ed Conte et al [long review]
1997: Axelrod's "The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration"
1997: Intl Society for Computational Biology founded [site]
1997: PharmaSim (brand management sim) from Interpretive [website] AutoSim (marketing lab) [site] (also ServiceSim-- customer satisfaction, StratSim-- strategy, Country Manager-- intl marketing)
1997: 3D alife 'FramSticks' [website]
1997: Dragon's 'Naturally Speaking' (1st continuous speech dictation)
1997: Intelligent Systems Lab at U of Central Florida [site]fh
1997: 22Apr: RankDex websearch uses anchortext [annc]
1997: Jun: newsgroup comp.soft-sys.math.scilab [earliest]
1997: 03Jun: event-based, finite-state machine layer 'StateFlow' for SimuLink/MatLab [annc] [website] elements: States, Subcharts, Transitions, Supertransitions, Events, Data, Conditions, Actions, Junctions, Parallelism, History, Graphical functions [cite]
1997: Louis Castle's "Blade Runner" game [interview]
1997: Shlaer and Mellor's recursive-design approach to object-oriented analysis and design [history]
1997: 17Nov: OMG adopts UML (Unified Modeling Language) [pr] standardises notation for 12 common design-diagrams: Class, Object, Component, Deployment, Use Case, Sequence, Activity, Collaboration, Statechart, Packages, Subsystems, Models [cite]
types of relationship: Association, Dependency, Generalization, Transition, Linkmetamodel classes: Element, Type, PrimitiveType, Instance, GeneralizableElement, Node, Attribute, Value, TaggedValue, Expression, TypeExpression, BooleanExpression, TimeExpression, ActionExpression, FormalParameter, System, StateMachine, State, CompositeState, ActionState, Pseudostate, StateVertex, Action, Event, TimeEvent, Operation, Behavior, Signal, Message, Collaboration, Interaction, Responsibility, Relationship, LinkRole, Owns, References, Member, Nested, Name, Stereotype, ViewElement, Visibility, ActiveClass
relationships: abstraction, define, generalization, owns, projection, references, represents, subordinate, trace, actions, characteristic, instance of, roles, state instance, values, association roles, participates, powertype, qualifier, extension points, template argument, template parameter, deploys, implements, collaboration argument, collaboration parameter, constraints, notes, actual argument, effect, internal transition, invocation, occurrence, source, state variable, substate, target, trigger, vertices, clusters, link instance, player, qualification, role instance, thread, transaction [more]
1997: late: SAIC buys Bellcore (Bell Communications Research), renames Telcordia
1997: Dec: Slashdot's Slashcode offers reputation-management for individual comments
1998: Jan: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS) founded [archives]
1998: Feb: Buitelaar's CoreLex (126 underspecified semantic types and 317 systematic polysemous classes) [website]
1998: 30th Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
1998: Mar? Google web search [comp.infosystems.search]
1998: Apr: newsgroup comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.war-historical
1998: Jun: Barger's IMDb-keyword resorting [etext]
Modalities, Dramatic themes, Family themes, Sports, Animals, Music and comedy, Historical period, Crime-related, War-related, Horror and scifi, Sex, Animation
1998: 15Jun: Reiss's sixteen basic desires [info]
power, independence, curiosity, acceptance, order, saving, honor, idealism, social contact, family, status, vengeance, romance, eating, physical exercise, tranquility
1998: Jul: comp.text.xml
1998: "Simulating Society-- A Mathematica Toolkit for Modeling Socioeconomic Behavior" by Gaylord and D'Andria [review]
1998: Chris Crawford's Erasmatron story-engine [cite] (withdrawn)
1998: Illusion Engineering becomes 'E Team' (emergency management) [history]
1998: DroidWorks from Lucas Learning [webpage]
1998: Paramics road-traffic microsimulation software [site]
1998: IBM Trainable Speech Synthesis System [demo] [article]
1998: ACM Computing Classification System (CCS) [info] General, Hardware, Systems Organization, Software, Data, Theory of Computation, Mathematics of Computing, Information Systems, Methodologies, Applications, Milieux [detail]
1998: McDermid's 'business rules' (for policy, processing, or implementation) consist of states, events, conditions, and signals [cite]
1998: EO Wilson's "Consilience: the unity of knowledge"
1998: federal bailout of derivatives-trader Long Term Capital Management
1998: 1st netnews mention of "Enterprise Resource Planning" (ERP) [info]
1998: May: EAGLES recommendations on semantic encoding [etext]
1998: May: Microsoft's MindNet (lexical knowledgebase) [info]
1998: mid: EAD 1.0 (Encoded Archival Description, dtd for library finding-aids) [info]
1998: autumn: online zine 'Academic Gaming Review' [archive]
1998: 09Sep: 1st issue of online zine 'Simulation Technology Magazine' [archives]
1998: Oct: Science Daily topic-index [site]
Life Sciences: Health & Medicine, Cells & Microbes, Mind & Brain, Males & Females, Plants & AnimalsPhysical Sciences: Space & Time, Matter & Energy, Earth & Sky, Circuits & Chips, Order & Chaos
Social Sciences: Fossils & Ruins, Science & Society, Dollars & Sense, Fun & Learning, People & Places
1998: Nov: newsgroup alt.games.microsoft.flight-sim
1999: Truluck adds fear, anger, happiness, and sadness to speech-synthesizer [cite]
1999: Feb? newsgroups 'alt.games.ea.maxis.sim-*': city, safari, isle, ant, earth, farm, golf, life, park, town, tower
1999: 31st Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts] [part2]
1999? Lenat's 12 dimensions of context [etext]
time, type of time, geo-location, type of place, culture (restrictions on the agent type), sophistication/security, topic, granularity, modality/disposition/epistemology, argument-preference, justification, let's
1999? Physiome Project to model human physiology [site]
1999: Mar: Slashdot innovates group-moderation [info]
1999: Littman's crossword-puzzle AI 'Proverb' [cite]
1999: Universal Networking Language (UNL) [website]
agent, and, attribute, degree, beneficiary, co-agent, content, co-thing, condition, co-occurrence, duration, range (from-to), origin, goal, instrument, manner, method, modification, name, or, proportion, place, part-of, possessor, partner, purpose, quantity, reason, scene, sequence, time, destination, via
1999: Wand, Storey, and Weber's "Ontological Analysis of the Relationship Construct in Conceptual Modeling" thing, property, attribute, functional schema, state, law, interaction, class, kind, composition of things [cite]
1999: Ross Hammond's alife model of social ethics [info]
1999: Entelos releases PhysioLab models of obesity and asthma (diabetes in 2000, arthritis in 2001) [cite]
1999: Gumerman and Dean's alife model of Anasazi population dynamics [info] [citeseer]
1999: Perez et al "Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components: Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods" [citeseer]
1999: spring: Schmucker's "Taxonomy of Simulation Software" (for teachers) [etext]
![[abstract map]](ecocyc.gif)
programmable
domain-specific
domain-independent
general-purpose
development environment
application
simulation-specific
procedural
mathematical
rule-based
pre-programmed
single-concept
full-featured
immersive
reality
fantasy
observational
construction kit
fixed functionality [diagram]1999: May: Goldberg's 10-dimensional analysis of humor [site]
1999: Jun: newsgroup alt.games.wargames
1999: Jul: Barger's user-interface abstractions [post]
all-some-none, list-sequence-set, container-contents-cluster-zoom, original-copy-backup-archive, execute-undo-revert, immediate-delayed-updated, default-exception-alternate-temp, focus-background-dismiss, display-conceal-abbreviate, handy-buried, find-select-lose, acquire-customize
1999: Stern's "Babyz" (human virtual pet)
1999: 17Aug: US Army contributes $45M to create Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) at University of Southern California [pr] "state-of-the art modeling and simulation technologies for military and educational purposes" administered by Army's Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM)
1999: MLS toolkit for social simulations in Lisp-Stat [intro]
1999: autumn: M&S Journal [archives]
1999: Dec: Biopendium protein-database from Inpharmatica [info]
no-date: annotated bibliography of marketing sims [Wayback]
2000: Jan: ISO standard for topic maps [history]
2000: Feb: newsgroup comp.soft-sys.math.maple
2000: 32nd Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
2000: Apr: Will Wright's 'The Sims' [info]
neat, outgoing, active, playful and nice
2000: May: newsgroup alt.games-the-sims
2000: human genome mostly sequenced
2000: college-admin sim 'Virtual U' [site]
2000: academic political scientists debate quantitative vs qualitative methods [NyT]
2000: TD Wilson's "Human Information Behavior" [citeseer]
2000: IBM launches life-sciences division for bioinformatics [cite]
2000: Entelos CytoLab (cell sim) [cite]
2000: Jun: Lernout & Hauspie buys Dragon Systems [history]
2000: 12Jul: Physiome Sciences announces Cell Markup Language (CellML) for medical sims [pr]
2000: Aug: DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) [site]
2000: Sep: 1st issue of 'post-autistic economics newsletter' (rejects math-centric approach) [background] [history] [archive]
2001? US Army funds development of training-games by Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT), Future Combat Systems (FCS-- Sony's ImageWorks and Pandemic Studios), and Quicksilver Software [cite] [bkgd]
2001: 33rd Winter Conference on Simulation and Modeling [abstracts]
2001? Young's 'Mimesis' architecture for game-narratives [pdfs]
2001: 05Feb? Physiome's CardioPrism heart-model using 'In Silico Cell' architecture [pr]
2001: 17Feb: XTM 1.0 for topic maps [history]
2001: 01Mar: Computer Games and Digital Textualities conference [site]
2001: Mar: Mirror Worlds' Scopeware [site] [pic]
2001: 31Mar: Historical Event Markup and Linking (Heml) Project [info] [mailinglist]
2001: Apr: Jorn Barger launches Internet Timelines Project (history representation) [info]
2001: 08Jun: Tomak 'dating sim' [info]
intellect, sensibility, charm, goodwill, trust, strength, thirst, hunger, fatigue, and stress; caress, pinch, beat, kiss, and tickle
2001: Jul: online journal "Game Studies" [archive]
2001? 'Archimedes' models of asthma, diabetes, and heart disease by Eddy and Schlessinger [cite] [more]
2001: IBM innovates 'autonomic computing' (representation of system 'health') [info]
2001: Degen et al's General Ontological Language (GOL)
Entity, Set, Extension, Urelement, Individual, Chronoid, Topoid, Substance, Moment, Quality, Relational Moment, Universal, Relational Universal [passim]
2001: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) [website]
Principal Distinctions, Objects, Processes, Abstract Entities, Structural Ontology, Basic Binary Relations, Artifacts, Spatial Relations, Number, Measure, Organic, Temporal Concepts, Mereology, Semiotics
2001: Lampe's survey of accounting information systems: subsystem, portal, module, interface, coupling, hierarchy, schema, cohesion, structure, open system, value chain, environment [etext]
2001: Oct: Alex Austin's 'Pontifex' bridge-building sim [annc]
2001: Oct: 'virtue system' for Ultima Online: humility, sacrifice, honor, compassion, valor, honesty, spirituality, justice [theory]
2001: Dec: SimMechanics layer for SimuLink/MatLab (bodies, constraints, drivers, joints, sensors, actuators) [website] [blocks]
2002: Jan: 'Modeling and Simulation Magazine' [toc]
2002: Mar: Japan's $350M Earth Simulator for climate research [article]
2002: Ellogon Text Engineering Platform [site]
2002: Pinker's cognitive faculties
intuitive versions of: physics, biology, engineering, psychology, economics; spatial sense, number sense, probability, mental database w/logic, language
2002: Guarino and Welty's OntoClean
Quality, Quality Region, Aggregate, Amount of matter, Arbitrary Collection, Object, Physical Object, Body, Ordinary Object, Mental Object, Feature, Relevant Part, Place, Occurrence, State, Process, Accomplishment [passim]
2002: Interoperable Informatics Infrastructure Consortium's Life Science Identifier [cite]
2002: Hammerich and Harrison's semantic linktypes (Authorizing, Commenting, Enhancing, Exemplifying, Mode-Changing, Referencing/Citing, Self-Selecting) [article]
2002: Aug: Paul Van Riper humiliates overwhelmingly-favored US forces in Iraq wargame [article]
2002: Trevor Chan's business sim "Hotel Giant" [site]
2002: Serious Games Initiative [site]
2003? NSF's Management of Knowledge-Intensive Dynamic Systems (MKIDS) program [info]
2003: 10Feb: HumanCyc (BioCyc database of human metabolic pathways) [pr]
2003: Apr: cheese-bruising modeled [annc]
2003: Trevor Chan's business sim "Restaurant Empire" [site]
2003: Lin and Forbes' coronal mass ejection sim [info]
2003? Zajicek's cellular-automata approach to cancer [ebook]
2003: Aug: GIT's packet-level network sim [info]
2003: Sep: sand-mud sedimentation model [info]
2003: Imants Baruss's states ofconsciousness: wakefulness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, trance, chemically induced alterations, transcendent states, and experiences associated with death [cite]
2004: Boeing's $20M Virtual War Center sim [article]
simulators built by Raytheon, BMH Associates and the Navy, and the Air Force's "Theater Battle Management Core System," built by Lockheed, which is used to make battle plans in Iraq. [passim] also L-3 Communications, CAE, SGI
[rcl] = Reed C Lawlor "Information Technology and the Law" in Advances in Computers 1962 yearbook
Lehmann's ontologies
Bateman's portal
IT timelines
Greenspun MIT
Phasor pdfs
Computational linguistics: SWan
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